42 USC 1761 - Summer food service program for children

View all text of Chapter 13 [§ 1751 - § 1769j]

§ 1761. Summer food service program for children

(a) In general

(1) DefinitionsIn this section:

(A) Area in which poor economic conditions exist

(i) In generalSubject to clause (ii), the term “area in which poor economic conditions exist”, as the term relates to an area in which a program food service site is located, means—(I) the attendance area of a school in which at least 50 percent of the enrolled children have been determined eligible for free or reduced price school meals under this chapter and the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1771 et seq.);(II) a geographic area, as defined by the Secretary based on the most recent census data available, in which at least 50 percent of the children residing in that area are eligible for free or reduced price school meals under this chapter and the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1771 et seq.);(III) an area—(aa) for which the program food service site documents the eligibility of enrolled children through the collection of income eligibility statements from the families of enrolled children or other means; and(bb) at least 50 percent of the children enrolled at the program food service site meet the income standards for free or reduced price school meals under this chapter and the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1771 et seq.);(IV) a geographic area, as defined by the Secretary based on information provided from a department of welfare or zoning commission, in which at least 50 percent of the children residing in that area are eligible for free or reduced price school meals under this chapter and the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 ((V) an area for which the program food service site demonstrates through other means approved by the Secretary that at least 50 percent of the children enrolled at the program food service site are eligible for free or reduced price school meals under this chapter and the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1771 et seq.).

(ii) Duration of determinationA determination that an area is an “area in which poor economic conditions exist” under clause (i) shall be in effect for—(I) in the case of an area described in clause (i)(I), 5 years;(II) in the case of an area described in clause (i)(II), until more recent census data are available;(III) in the case of an area described in clause (i)(III), 1 year; and(IV) in the case of an area described in subclause (IV) or (V) of clause (i), a period of time to be determined by the Secretary, but not less than 1 year.

(B) ChildrenThe term “children” means—

(i) individuals who are 18 years of age and under; and

(ii) individuals who are older than 18 years of age who are—(I) determined by a State educational agency or a local public educational agency of a State, in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Secretary, to have a disability, and(II) participating in a public or nonprofit private school program established for individuals who have a disability.

(D) Service institution

(E) StateThe term “State” means—

(i) each of the several States of the United States;

(ii) the District of Columbia;

(iii) the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico;

(iv) Guam;

(v) American Samoa;

(vi) the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; and

(vii) the United States Virgin Islands.

(2) Program authorization

(A) In general

(B) Preparation of food

(i) In general

(ii) Information and technical assistance

(3) Eligible service institutionsEligible service institutions entitled to participate in the program shall be limited to those that—

(A) demonstrate adequate administrative and financial responsibility to manage an effective food service;

(B) have not been seriously deficient in operating under the program;

(C)

(i) conduct a regularly scheduled food service for children from areas in which poor economic conditions exist; or

(ii) qualify as camps; and

(D) provide an ongoing year-round service to the community to be served under the program (except that an otherwise eligible service institution shall not be disqualified for failure to meet this requirement for ongoing year-round service if the State determines that its disqualification would result in an area in which poor economic conditions exist not being served or in a significant number of needy children not having reasonable access to a summer food service program).

(4) Priority

(A) In generalThe following order of priority shall be used by the State in determining participation where more than one eligible service institution proposes to serve the same area:

(i) Local schools.

(ii) All other service institutions and private nonprofit organizations eligible under paragraph (7) that have demonstrated successful program performance in a prior year.

(iii) New public institutions.

(iv) New private nonprofit organizations eligible under paragraph (7).

(B) Rural areas

(5) Camps

(6) Government institutions

(7) Private nonprofit organizations

(A) Definition of private nonprofit organizationIn this paragraph, the term “private nonprofit organization” means an organization that—

(i) exercises full control and authority over the operation of the program at all sites under the sponsorship of the organization;

(ii) provides ongoing year-round activities for children or families;

(iii) demonstrates that the organization has adequate management and the fiscal capacity to operate a program under this section;

(iv) is an organization described in section 501(c) of title 26 and exempt from taxation under 501(a) 1

1 So in original. Probably should be preceded by “section”.

of that title; and

(v) meets applicable State and local health, safety, and sanitation standards.

(B) Eligibility

(8) Seamless summer option

(9) Exemption

(A) In general

(B) Evaluation

(i) In general

(ii) ImpactThe evaluation shall assess the impact of the threshold in subparagraph (A) on—(I) the number of sponsors offering meals through the summer food service program;(II) the number of sites offering meals through the summer food service program;(III) the geographic location of the sites;(IV) services provided to eligible children; and(V) other factors determined by the Secretary.

(iii) Report

(iv) Funding(I) In general(II) Receipt and acceptance

(10) Summer food service rural transportation

(A) In general

(B) EligibilityTo be eligible to receive a grant under this paragraph—

(i) a State agency shall submit an application to the Secretary, in such manner as the Secretary shall establish, and meet criteria established by the Secretary; and

(ii) a service institution shall agree to the terms and conditions of the grant, as established by the Secretary.

(D) ReportsThe Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Education and the Workforce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate—

(i) not later than January 1, 2008, an interim report that describes—(I) the use of funds made available under this paragraph; and(II) any progress made by using funds from each grant provided under this paragraph; and

(ii) not later than January 1, 2009, a final report that describes—(I) the use of funds made available under this paragraph;(II) any progress made by using funds from each grant provided under this paragraph;(III) the impact of this paragraph on participation in the summer food service program for children authorized by this section; and(IV) any recommendations by the Secretary concerning the activities of the service institutions receiving grants under this paragraph.

(E) Funding

(i) In generalOut of any funds in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the Secretary of the Treasury shall transfer to the Secretary of Agriculture to carry out this paragraph—(I) on October 1, 2005, $2,000,000; and(II) on October 1, 2006, and October 1, 2007, $1,000,000.

(ii) Receipt and acceptance

(iii) Availability of funds

(iv) Reallocation

(11) Outreach to eligible families

(A) In generalThe Secretary shall require each State agency that administers the national school lunch program under this chapter to ensure that, to the maximum extent practicable, school food authorities participating in the school lunch program under this chapter cooperate with participating service institutions to distribute materials to inform families of—

(i) the availability and location of summer food service program meals; and

(ii) the availability of reimbursable breakfasts served under the school breakfast program established by section 4 of the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1773).

(B) InclusionsInformational activities carried out under subparagraph (A) may include—

(i) the development or dissemination of printed materials, to be distributed to all school children or the families of school children prior to the end of the school year, that inform families of the availability and location of summer food service program meals;

(ii) the development or dissemination of materials, to be distributed using electronic means to all school children or the families of school children prior to the end of the school year, that inform families of the availability and location of summer food service program meals; and

(iii) such other activities as are approved by the applicable State agency to promote the availability and location of summer food service program meals to school children and the families of school children.

(12) Summer food service support grants

(A) In generalThe Secretary shall use funds made available to carry out this paragraph to award grants on a competitive basis to State agencies to provide to eligible service institutions—

(i) technical assistance;

(ii) assistance with site improvement costs; or

(iii) other innovative activities that improve and encourage sponsor retention.

(B) Eligibility

(i) applications from States with significant low-income child populations; and

(ii) State plans that demonstrate innovative approaches to retain and support summer food service programs after the expiration of the start-up funding grants.

(D) Use of funds

(E) Reallocation

(F) Authorization of appropriations

(13) Noncongregate meals

(A) In general

(B) Summer 2023

(C) Eligibility determinationIn administering this paragraph, the Secretary shall ensure that noncongregate meals are only available for a child—

(i) in an area in which poor economic conditions exist; and

(ii) in an area that is not an area in which poor economic conditions exist, if the child is determined to be eligible for a free or reduced price lunch under this chapter or a free or reduced price breakfast under section 4 of the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1773).

(D) Priorities

(i) In generalStates shall—(I) identify areas with no congregate meal service that could benefit the most from the provision of noncongregate meals; and(II) encourage participating service institutions in those areas to provide noncongregate meals as appropriate.

(ii) Areas

(E) AdministrationIn administering this paragraph, the Secretary shall ensure that—

(i) any meal served for noncongregate consumption—(I) meets all applicable State and local health, safety, and sanitation standards; and(II) meets the requirements under subsection (f)(1);

(ii) over a 10-day calendar period, the number of reimbursable meals provided to a child does not exceed the number of meals that could be provided over a 10-day calendar period, as established under subsection (b)(2); and

(iii) States establish a process for identifying gaps in service and barriers in reaching needy children for congregate and noncongregate models.

(F) RegulationsNot later than 1 year after December 29, 2022, the Secretary shall promulgate regulations (which shall include interim final regulations) to carry out this section, including provisions—

(i) to ensure the integrity of the alternative option for program delivery described in subparagraph (A); and

(ii) to incorporate best practices and lessons learned from noncongregate demonstration projects under section 749(g) of the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010 (Public Law 111–80; 123 Stat. 2132).

(b) Service institutions

(1)Payments.—

(A)In general.—Subject to subparagraph (B) and in addition to amounts made available under paragraph (3), payments to service institutions shall be—

(i) $1.97 for each lunch and supper served;

(ii) $1.13 for each breakfast served; and

(iii) 46 cents for each meal supplement served.

(B)Adjustments.—Amounts specified in subparagraph (A) shall be adjusted on January 1, 1997, and each January 1 thereafter, to the nearest lower cent increment to reflect changes for the 12-month period ending the preceding November 30 in the series for food away from home of the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor. Each adjustment shall be based on the unrounded adjustment for the prior 12-month period.

(C)Seamless summer reimbursements.—A service institution described in subsection (a)(8) shall be reimbursed for meals and meal supplements in accordance with the applicable provisions under this chapter (other than subparagraphs (A) and (B) of this paragraph and paragraph (4)) and the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1771 et seq.), as determined by the Secretary.

(2) Any service institution may only serve lunch and either breakfast or a meal supplement during each day of operation, except that any service institution that is a camp or that serves meals primarily to migrant children may serve up to 3 meals, or 2 meals and 1 supplement, during each day of operation, if (A) the service institution has the administrative capability and the food preparation and food holding capabilities (where applicable) to serve more than one meal per day, and (B) the service period of different meals does not coincide or overlap.

(3)Permanent operating agreements and budget for administrative costs.—

(A)Permanent operating agreements.—

(i)In general.—Subject to clauses (ii) and (iii), to participate in the program, a service institution that meets the conditions of eligibility described in this section and in regulations promulgated by the Secretary, shall be required to enter into a permanent agreement with the applicable State agency.

(ii)Amendments.—A permanent agreement described in clause (i) may be amended as necessary to ensure that the service institution is in compliance with all requirements established in this section or by the Secretary.

(iii)Termination.—A permanent agreement described in clause (i)—(I) may be terminated for convenience by the service institution and State agency that is a party to the permanent agreement; and(II) shall be terminated—(aa) for cause by the applicable State agency in accordance with subsection (q) and with regulations promulgated by the Secretary; or(bb) on termination of participation of the service institution in the program.

(B)Budget for administrative costs.—

(i)In general.—When applying for participation in the program, and not less frequently than annually thereafter, each service institution shall submit a complete budget for administrative costs related to the program, which shall be subject to approval by the State.

(ii)Amount.—Payment to service institutions for administrative costs shall equal the levels determined by the Secretary pursuant to the study required in paragraph (4).

(4)

(A) The Secretary shall conduct a study of the food service operations carried out under the program. Such study shall include, but shall not be limited to—

(i) an evaluation of meal quality as related to costs; and

(ii) a determination whether adjustments in the maximum reimbursement levels for food service operation costs prescribed in paragraph (1) of this subsection should be made, including whether different reimbursement levels should be established for self-prepared meals and vendored meals and which site-related costs, if any, should be considered as part of administrative costs.

(B) The Secretary shall also study the administrative costs of service institutions participating in the program and shall thereafter prescribe maximum allowable levels for administrative payments that reflect the costs of such service institutions, taking into account the number of sites and children served, and such other factors as the Secretary determines appropriate to further the goals of efficient and effective administration of the program.

(c) Payments for meals served during May through September; exceptions for continuous school calendars or non-school sites; National Youth Sports Program

(1) Payments shall be made to service institutions only for meals served during the months of May through September, except in the case of service institutions that operate food service programs for children on school vacation at any time under a continuous school calendar or that provide meal service at non-school sites to children who are not in school for a period during the months of October through April due to a natural disaster, building repair, court order, or similar cause.

(2) Children participating in National Youth Sports Programs operated by higher education institutions shall be eligible to participate in the program under this paragraph on showing residence in areas in which poor economic conditions exist or on the basis of income eligibility statements for children enrolled in the program.

(d) Advance program payments to States for monthly meal service; letters of credit, forwarding to States; determination of amount; valid claims, receipt

(e) Advance program payments to service institutions for monthly meal service; certification of personnel training sessions; minimum days per month operations requirement; payments: computation, limitation; valid claims, receipt; withholding; demand for repayment; subtraction of disputed payments

(1) Not later than June 1, July 15, and August 15 of each year, or, in the case of service institutions that operate under a continuous school calendar, the first day of each month of operation, the State shall forward advance program payments to each service institution. The State shall not release the second month’s advance program payment to any service institution (excluding a school) that has not certified that it has held training sessions for its own personnel and the site personnel with regard to program duties and responsibilities. No advance program payment may be made for any month in which the service institution will operate under the program for less than ten days.

(2) The amount of the advance program payment for any month in the case of any service institution shall be an amount equal to (A) the total program payment for meals served by such service institution in the same calendar month of the preceding calendar year, (B) 50 percent of the amount established by the State to be needed by such service institution for meals if such service institution contracts with a food service management company, or (C) 65 percent of the amount established by the State to be needed by such service institution for meals if such service institution prepares its own meals, whichever amount is greatest: Provided, That the advance program payment may not exceed the total amount estimated by the State to be needed by such service institution for meals to be served in the month for which such advance program payment is made or $40,000, whichever is less, except that a State may make a larger advance program payment to such service institution where the State determines that such larger payment is necessary for the operation of the program by such service institution and sufficient administrative and management capability to justify a larger payment is demonstrated. The State shall forward any remaining payment due a service institution not later than seventy-five days following receipt of valid claims. If the State has reason to believe that a service institution will not be able to submit a valid claim for reimbursement covering the period for which an advance program payment has been made, the subsequent month’s advance program payment shall be withheld until such time as the State has received a valid claim. Program payments advanced to service institutions that are not subsequently deducted from a valid claim for reimbursement shall be repaid upon demand by the State. Any prior payment that is under dispute may be subtracted from an advance program payment.

(f) Nutritional standards

(1) Service institutions receiving funds under this section shall serve meals consisting of a combination of foods and meeting minimum nutritional standards prescribed by the Secretary on the basis of tested nutritional research.

(2) The Secretary shall provide technical assistance to service institutions and private nonprofit organizations participating in the program to assist the institutions and organizations in complying with the nutritional requirements prescribed by the Secretary pursuant to this subsection.

(3) Meals described in paragraph (1) shall be served without cost to children attending service institutions approved for operation under this section, except that, in the case of camps, charges may be made for meals served to children other than those who meet the eligibility requirements for free or reduced price meals in accordance with subsection (a)(5) of this section.

(4) To assure meal quality, States shall, with the assistance of the Secretary, prescribe model meal specifications and model food quality standards, and ensure that all service institutions contracting for the preparation of meals with food service management companies include in their contracts menu cycles, local food safety standards, and food quality standards approved by the State.

(5) Such contracts shall require (A) periodic inspections, by an independent agency or the local health department for the locality in which the meals are served, of meals prepared in accordance with the contract in order to determine bacteria levels present in such meals, and (B) conformance with standards set by local health authorities.

(6) Such inspections and any testing resulting therefrom shall be in accordance with the practices employed by such local health authority.

(7)Offer versus serve.—A school food authority participating as a service institution may permit a child to refuse one or more items of a meal that the child does not intend to consume, under rules that the school uses for school meals programs. A refusal of an offered food item shall not affect the amount of payments made under this section to a school for the meal.

(g) Regulations, guidelines, applications, and handbooks; publication; startup costs

(h) Direct disbursement to service institutions by Secretary

(i) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–35, title VIII, § 817(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 532

(j) Administrative expenses of Secretary; authorization of appropriations

(k) Administrative costs of State; payment; adjustment; standards and effective dates, establishment; funds: withholding, inspection

(1) The Secretary shall pay to each State for its administrative costs incurred under this section in any fiscal year an amount equal to (A) 20 percent of the first $50,000 in funds distributed to that State for the program in the preceding fiscal year; (B) 10 percent of the next $100,000 distributed to that State for the program in the preceding fiscal year; (C) 5 percent of the next $250,000 in funds distributed to that State for the program in the preceding fiscal year; and (D) 2½ percent of any remaining funds distributed to that State for the program in the preceding fiscal year: Provided, That such amounts may be adjusted by the Secretary to reflect changes in the size of that State’s program since the preceding fiscal year.

(2) The Secretary shall establish standards and effective dates for the proper, efficient, and effective administration of the program by the State. If the Secretary finds that the State has failed without good cause to meet any of the Secretary’s standards or has failed without good cause to carry out the approved State management and administration plan under subsection (n) of this section, the Secretary may withhold from the State such funds authorized under this subsection as the Secretary determines to be appropriate.

(3) To provide for adequate nutritional and food quality monitoring, and to further the implementation of the program, an additional amount, not to exceed the lesser of actual costs or 1 percent of program funds, shall be made available by the Secretary to States to pay for State or local health department inspections, and to reinspect facilities and deliveries to test meal quality.

(l) Food service management companies; subcontracts; assignments, conditions and limitations; meal capacity information in bids subject to review; registration; record, availability to States; small and minority-owned businesses for supplies and services; contracts: standard form, bid and contract procedures, bonding requirements and exemption, review by States, collusive bidding safeguards

(1) Service institutions may contract on a competitive basis with food service management companies for the furnishing of meals or management of the entire food service under the program, except that a food service management company entering into a contract with a service institution under this section may not subcontract with a single company for the total meal, with or without milk, or for the assembly of the meal. The Secretary shall prescribe additional conditions and limitations governing assignment of all or any part of a contract entered into by a food service management company under this section. Any food service management company shall, in its bid, provide the service institution information as to its meal capacity.

(2) Each State may provide for the registration of food service management companies.

(3) In accordance with regulations issued by the Secretary, positive efforts shall be made by service institutions to use small businesses and minority-owned businesses as sources of supplies and services. Such efforts shall afford those sources the maximum feasible opportunity to compete for contracts using program funds.

(4) Each State, with the assistance of the Secretary, shall establish a standard form of contract for use by service institutions and food service management companies. The Secretary shall prescribe requirements governing bid and contract procedures for acquisition of the services of food service management companies, including, but not limited to, bonding requirements (which may provide exemptions applicable to contracts of $100,000 or less), procedures for review of contracts by States, and safeguards to prevent collusive bidding activities between service institutions and food service management companies.

(m) Accounts and records

(n) Management and administration State plans

(1) Summer 2023

(2) Summer 2024 and beyondBeginning in 2024, each State desiring to participate in the program under this section or in the summer EBT program under section 1762 of this title shall notify the Secretary by January 1 of each year of its intent to administer the applicable program and shall submit for approval by February 15 a management and administration plan for the applicable program for the fiscal year, which shall include, as applicable—

(A) the requirements listed in subparagraphs (A) through (G) of paragraph (1);

(B) the administrative budget of the State for administering the summer EBT program under section 1762 of this title;

(C) the State’s plan to comply with the State requirements in section 1762(c) of this title and any other standards prescribed by the Secretary under section 1762 of this title;

(D) the State’s plan to identify areas with no congregate meal service;

(E) the State’s plan to target priority areas identified under subsection (a)(13)(D)(i)(I); and

(F) the State’s plan to ensure that summer EBT benefits (as described in section 1762(a) of this title) are issued to children based on their school attendance at the end of the instructional year immediately preceding such summer.

(o) Violations and penalties

(1) Whoever, in connection with any application, procurement, recordkeeping entry, claim for reimbursement, or other document or statement made in connection with the program, knowingly and willfully falsifies, conceals, or covers up by any trick, scheme, or device a material fact, or makes any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statements or representations, or makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry, or whoever, in connection with the program, knowingly makes an opportunity for any person to defraud the United States, or does or omits to do any act with intent to enable any person to defraud the United States, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.

(2) Whoever being a partner, officer, director, or managing agent connected in any capacity with any partnership, association, corporation, business, or organization, either public or private, that receives benefits under the program, knowingly or willfully embezzles, misapplies, steals, or obtains by fraud, false statement, or forgery, any benefits provided by this section or any money, funds, assets, or property derived from benefits provided by this section, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both (but, if the benefits, money, funds, assets, or property involved is not over $200, then the penalty shall be a fine of not more than $1,000 or imprisonment for not more than one year, or both).

(3) If two or more persons conspire or collude to accomplish any act made unlawful under this subsection, and one or more of such persons do any act to effect the object of the conspiracy or collusion, each shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both.

(p) Monitoring of participating private nonprofit organizations

(1) In addition to the normal monitoring of organizations receiving assistance under this section, the Secretary shall establish a system under which the Secretary and the States shall monitor the compliance of private nonprofit organizations with the requirements of this section and with regulations issued to implement this section.

(2) In the fiscal year 1990 and each succeeding fiscal year, the Secretary may reserve for purposes of carrying out paragraph (1) not more than ½ of 1 percent of amounts appropriated for purposes of carrying out this section.

(q) Termination and disqualification of participating organizations

(1) In general

(2) Fair hearingThe procedures described in paragraph (1) shall include provision for a fair hearing and prompt determination for any service institution aggrieved by any action of the State agency that affects—

(A) the participation of the service institution in the program; or

(B) the claim of the service institution for reimbursement under this section.

(3) List of disqualified institutions and individuals

(A) In general

(B) Availability

(r) Authorization of appropriations

(June 4, 1946, ch. 281, § 13, as added Pub. L. 90–302, § 3, May 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 117; amended Pub. L. 91–248, § 6(c), (d), May 14, 1970, 84 Stat. 210; Pub. L. 92–32, § 7, June 30, 1971, 85 Stat. 86; Pub. L. 92–433, §§ 1, 2, Sept. 26, 1972, 86 Stat. 724; Pub. L. 94–20, May 2, 1975, 89 Stat. 82; Pub. L. 94–105, § 13, Oct. 7, 1975, 89 Stat. 515; Pub. L. 95–166, § 2, Nov. 10, 1977, 91 Stat. 1325; Pub. L. 95–627, §§ 5(d), 7(b), 10(d)(2), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3620, 3622, 3624; Pub. L. 96–499, title II, § 206, Dec. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 2601; Pub. L. 97–35, title VIII, §§ 809, 817(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 527, 532; Pub. L. 99–500, title III, § 311, Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–360, and Pub. L. 99–591, title III, § 311, Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–363; Pub. L. 99–661, div. D, title I, § 4101, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 4071; Pub. L. 100–435, title II, § 213, Sept. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 1658; Pub. L. 101–147, title I, § 102(a), title III, § 307, Nov. 10, 1989, 103 Stat. 879, 915; Pub. L. 103–448, title I, §§ 105(b), 114(a)–(g), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4702, 4712, 4713; Pub. L. 104–193, title VII, § 706(a)–(l), Aug. 22, 1996, 110 Stat. 2291–2293; Pub. L. 105–336, title I, §§ 105(a)–(e)(1), 107(j)(2)(A), (3)(B), Oct. 31, 1998, 112 Stat. 3148, 3149, 3152, 3153; Pub. L. 108–134, § 5(1), Nov. 22, 2003, 117 Stat. 1389; Pub. L. 108–211, § 5(a), Mar. 31, 2004, 118 Stat. 566; Pub. L. 108–265, title I, § 116(a)–(e), June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 748–750; Pub. L. 108–447, div. A, title VII, § 788(b), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2851; Pub. L. 110–161, div. A, title VII, § 738(a), Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 1880; Pub. L. 111–296, title I, §§ 111–113, title III, §§ 321, 322, title IV, §§ 404, 441(a)(5), Dec. 13, 2010, 124 Stat. 3203, 3204, 3247, 3259, 3261; Pub. L. 117–328, div. HH, title IV, § 502(b), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5988.)