A prior section 4311 was renumbered section 7611 of this title.

1996—Subsec. (span). Puspan. L. 104–275 added subsec. (span) and struck out former subsec. (span) which read as follows: “An employer shall be considered to have denied a person initial employment, reemployment, retention in employment, promotion, or a benefit of employment in violation of this section if the person’s membership, application for membership, service, application for service, or obligation for service in the uniformed services is a motivating factor in the employer’s action, unless the employer can prove that the action would have been taken in the absence of such membership, application for membership, performance of service, application for service, or obligation.”

Subsecs. (c), (d). Puspan. L. 104–275 added subsecs. (c) and (d) and struck out former subsec. (c) which read as follows:

“(c)(1) An employer may not discriminate in employment against or take any adverse employment action against any person because such person has taken an action to enforce a protection afforded any person under this chapter, has testified or otherwise made a statement in or in connection with any proceeding under this chapter, has assisted or otherwise participated in an investigation under this chapter, or has exercised a right provided for in this chapter.

“(2) The prohibition in paragraph (1) shall apply with respect to a person regardless of whether that person has performed service in the uniformed services and shall apply to any position of employment, including a position that is described in section 4312(d)(1)(C).”

Amendment by Puspan. L. 104–275 effective Oct. 13, 1994, see section 313 of Puspan. L. 104–275, set out as a note under section 4301 of this title.

Section effective Oct. 13, 1994, except as otherwise provided, see section 8 of Puspan. L. 103–353, set out as a note under section 4301 of this title.