Appendix X - Appendix X to Subpart G of Part 82—Substitutes Listed in the April 28, 2023 Final Rule—Effective May 30, 2023
Refrigerants—Substitutes Acceptable Subject to Narrowed Use Limits
| End-use | Substitute | Decision | Narrowed use limits | Further information | 1. Very low temperature refrigeration (new only) | R-1150 | Acceptable Subject to Use Conditions and Narrowed Use Limits | • Temperature range—R-1150 may only be used in equipment designed specifically to reach temperatures lower than −80 °C (−112 °F)
• The manufacturers of new very low temperature equipment need to demonstrate that other alternatives are not technically feasible. They must document the results of their evaluation that showed the other alternatives to be not technically feasible and maintain that documentation in their files. This documentation, which does not need to be submitted to EPA unless requested to demonstrate compliance, “shall include descriptions of substitutes examined and rejected, processes or products in which the substitute is needed, reason for rejection of other alternatives, |
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Refrigerants—Substitutes Acceptable Subject to Use Conditions
| End-use | Substitute | Decision | Use conditions | Further information | 1. Centrifugal Chillers for comfort cooling and Industrial Process Air Conditioning
Positive Displacement Chillers for comfort cooling and Industrial Process Air Conditioning | HFC-32, HFO-1234yf, R-452B, R-454A, R-454B, R-454C | Acceptable Subject to Use Conditions | These refrigerants may be used only in new equipment specifically designed and clearly identified for the refrigerant ( These substitutes may only be used in air conditioning equipment that meets all requirements in UL 60335-2-40. These refrigerants may be used in chillers if and only if such chiller meets all requirements listed in ASHRAE 15-2019. The following markings must be attached at the locations provided and must be permanent: (a) On the outside of the equipment: “WARNING—Risk of Fire. Flammable Refrigerant Used. To Be Repaired Only By Trained Service Personnel, Do Not Puncture Refrigerant Tubing.” (b) On the outside of the equipment: “WARNING—Risk of Fire. Dispose of Properly In Accordance With Federal Or Local Regulations. Flammable Refrigerant Used.” | Applicable OSHA requirements at 29 CFR part 1910 must be followed, including those at 29 CFR 1910.94 (ventilation) and 1910.106 (flammable and combustible liquids), 1910.110 (storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gases), and 1910.1000 (toxic and hazardous substances).
Proper ventilation should be maintained at all times during the manufacture and storage of equipment containing flammable refrigerants through adherence to good manufacturing practices as per 29 CFR 1910.106. If refrigerant levels in the air surrounding the equipment rise above one-fourth of the lower flammability limit, the space should be evacuated, and reentry should occur only after the space has been properly ventilated. Technicians and equipment manufacturers should wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including chemical goggles and protective gloves, when handling flammable refrigerants. Special care should be taken to avoid contact with the skin which, like many refrigerants, can cause freeze burns on the skin. A class B dry powder type fire extinguisher should be kept nearby. Technicians should only use spark-proof tools when working on air conditioning equipment with flammable refrigerants. Any recovery equipment used should be designed for flammable refrigerants. Only technicians specifically trained in handling flammable refrigerants should service refrigeration equipment containing this refrigerant. Technicians should gain an understanding of minimizing the risk of fire and the steps to use flammable refrigerants safely. | (c) On the inside of the equipment near the compressor: “WARNING—Risk of Fire. Flammable Refrigerant Used. Consult Repair Manual/Owner's Guide Before Attempting to Service This Product. All Safety Precautions Must be Followed.”
(d) For any equipment pre-charged at the factory, on the equipment packaging or on the outside of the equipment: “WARNING—Risk of Fire due to Flammable Refrigerant Used. Follow Handling Instructions Carefully in Compliance with National Regulations” a. If the equipment is delivered packaged, this label shall be applied on the packaging. b. If the equipment is not delivered packaged, this label shall be applied on the outside of the equipment near the control panel or nameplate. (e) On the equipment near the nameplate: a. At the top of the marking: “Minimum Installation Height, X m (W ft).” This marking is only required if required by UL 60335-2-40. The terms “X” and “W” shall be replaced by the numeric height as calculated per UL 60335-2-40. Note that the formatting here is slightly different than UL 60335-2-40; specifically, the height in Inch-Pound units is placed in parentheses and the word “and” has been replaced by the opening parenthesis. | Room occupants should evacuate the space immediately following the accidental release of this refrigerant.
Personnel commissioning, maintaining, repairing, decommissioning and disposing of appliances with this refrigerant should obtain training and follow practices consistent with Annex HH of UL 60335-2-40, 3rd edition. CAA section 608(c)(2) prohibits knowingly venting or otherwise knowingly releasing or disposing of substitute refrigerants in the course of maintaining, servicing, repairing or disposing of an appliance or industrial process refrigeration. Department of Transportation requirements for transport of flammable gases must be followed. Flammable refrigerants being recovered or otherwise disposed of from residential and light commercial air conditioning appliances are likely to be hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (see 40 CFR parts 260 through 270). | b. Immediately below marking (a) of this listing 1or at the top of the marking if marking (a) is not required: “Minimum room area (operating or storage), Y m
2 (Z ft
2).” The terms “Y” and “Z” shall be replaced by the numeric area as calculated per UL 60335-2-40. Note that the formatting here is slightly different than UL 60335-2-40; specifically, the area in Inch-Pound units is placed in parentheses and the word “and” has been replaced by the opening parenthesis.
(f) For non-fixed equipment, on the outside of the product: “WARNING—Risk of Fire or Explosion—Store in a well-ventilated room without continuously operating flames or other potential ignition.” (g) For fixed equipment that is ducted, near the nameplate: “WARNING—Risk of Fire—Auxiliary devices which may be ignition sources shall not be installed in the ductwork, other than auxiliary devices listed for use with the specific appliance. See instructions.” (h) All of these markings must be in letters no less than 6.4 mm ( 1/4 inch) high. The equipment must have red Pantone® Matching System (PMS) #185 or RAL 3020 marked service ports, pipes, hoses, or other devices through which the refrigerant passes, to indicate the use of a flammable refrigerant. This color must be applied at all service ports and other parts of the system where service puncturing or other actions creating an opening from the refrigerant circuit to the atmosphere might be expected and must extend a minimum of one (1) inch (25 mm) in both directions from such locations and shall be replaced if removed. | 2. Residential Dehumidifiers | HFO-1234yf, HFC-32, R-452B, R-454A, R-454B, and R-454C | Acceptable Subject to Use Conditions | These refrigerants may be used only in new equipment specifically designed and clearly identified for the refrigerant ( These substitutes may only be used in dehumidifier equipment that meets all requirements in UL 60335-2-40. The following markings must be attached at the locations provided and must be permanent: (a) On the outside of the equipment: “WARNING—Risk of Fire. Flammable Refrigerant Used. To Be Repaired Only By Trained Service Personnel. Do Not Puncture Refrigerant Tubing.” (b) On the outside of the equipment: “WARNING—Risk of Fire. Dispose of Properly In Accordance With Federal Or Local Regulations. Flammable Refrigerant Used.” (c) On the inside of the equipment near the compressor: “WARNING—Risk of Fire. Flammable Refrigerant Used. Consult Repair Manual/Owner's Guide Before Attempting to Service This Product. All Safety Precautions Must be Followed.” (d) For any equipment pre-charged at the factory, on the equipment packaging or on the outside of the equipment: “WARNING—Risk of Fire due to Flammable Refrigerant Used. Follow Handling Instructions Carefully in Compliance with National Regulations” a. If the equipment is delivered packaged, this label shall be applied on the packaging. b. If the equipment is not delivered packaged, this label shall be applied on the outside of the equipment near the control panel or nameplate. | Applicable OSHA requirements at 29 CFR part 1910 must be followed, including those at 29 CFR 1910.94 (ventilation) and 1910.106 (flammable and combustible liquids), 1910.110 (storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gases), and 1910.1000 (toxic and hazardous substances).
Proper ventilation should be maintained at all times during the manufacture and storage of equipment containing flammable refrigerants through adherence to good manufacturing practices as per 29 CFR 1910.106. If refrigerant levels in the air surrounding the equipment rise above one-fourth of the lower flammability limit, the space should be evacuated, and reentry should occur only after the space has been properly ventilated. Technicians and equipment manufacturers should wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including chemical goggles and protective gloves, when handling flammable refrigerants. Special care should be taken to avoid contact with the skin which, like many refrigerants, can cause freeze burns on the skin. A class B dry powder type fire extinguisher should be kept nearby. Technicians should only use spark-proof tools when working on air conditioning equipment with flammable refrigerants. Any recovery equipment used should be designed for flammable refrigerants. Only technicians specifically trained in handling flammable refrigerants should service refrigeration equipment containing this refrigerant. Technicians should gain an understanding of minimizing the risk of fire and the steps to use flammable refrigerants safely. Room occupants should evacuate the space immediately following the accidental release of this refrigerant. Personnel commissioning, maintaining, repairing, decommissioning and disposing of appliances with this refrigerant should obtain training and follow practices consistent with Annex HH of UL 60335-2-40. | (e) On the equipment near the nameplate:
a. At the top of the marking: “Minimum Installation Height, X m (W ft).” This marking is only required if required by UL 60335-2-40. The terms “X” and “W” shall be replaced by the numeric height as calculated per UL 60335-2-40. Note that the formatting here is slightly different than UL 60335-2-40; specifically, the height in Inch-Pound units is placed in parentheses and the word “and” has been replaced by the opening parenthesis. | CAA section 608(c)(2) prohibits knowingly venting or otherwise knowingly releasing or disposing of substitute refrigerants in the course of maintaining, servicing, repairing or disposing of an appliance or industrial process refrigeration.
Department of Transportation requirements for transport of flammable gases must be followed. Flammable refrigerants being recovered or otherwise disposed of from residential and light commercial air conditioning appliances are likely to be hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (see 40 CFR parts 260 through 270). | b. Immediately below marking (a) of this listing 2 or at the top of the marking if marking (a) is not required: “Minimum room area (operating or storage), Y m
2 (Z ft
2).” The terms “Y” and “Z” shall be replaced by the numeric area as calculated per UL 60335-2-40. Note that the formatting here is slightly different than UL 60335-2-40; specifically, the area in Inch-Pound units is placed in parentheses and the word “and” has been replaced by the opening parenthesis.
(f) On the outside of the product: “WARNING—Risk of Fire or Explosion—Store in a well-ventilated room without continuously operating flames or other potential ignition.” (g) All of these markings must be in letters no less than 6.4 mm ( 1/4 inch) high. The equipment must have red Pantone® Matching System (PMS) #185 or RAL 3020 marked service ports, pipes, hoses, or other devices through which the refrigerant passes, to indicate the use of a flammable refrigerant. This color must be applied at all service ports and other parts of the system where service puncturing or other actions creating an opening from the refrigerant circuit to the atmosphere might be expected and must extend a minimum of one (1) inch (25 mm) in both directions from such locations and shall be replaced if removed. | 3. Very Low Temperature Refrigeration | R-1150 | Acceptable Subject to Use Conditions | R-1150 may be used only in new equipment specifically designed and clearly identified for the refrigerant ( R-1150 may only be used in laboratory equipment that meet all requirements in UL 61010-2-011. Requirements of note include: (a) Warning labels—The following markings, or the equivalent, must be provided in letters no less than 6.4 mm ( 1/4 inch) high and must be permanent: (b) Attach near the machine compartment: “DANGER—Risk of Fire or Explosion. Flammable Refrigerant Used. To Be Repaired Only By Trained Service Personnel. Do Not Puncture Refrigerant Tubing” | Applicable OSHA requirements at 29 CFR part 1910 must be followed, including those at 29 CFR 1910.94 (ventilation) and 1910.106 (flammable and combustible liquids), 1910.110 (storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gases), and 1910.1000 (toxic and hazardous substances).
Proper ventilation should be maintained at all times during the manufacture and storage of equipment containing flammable refrigerants through adherence to good manufacturing practices as per 29 CFR 1910.106. If refrigerant levels in the air surrounding the equipment rise above one-fourth of the lower flammability limit, the space should be evacuated, and reentry should occur only after the space has been properly ventilated. Technicians and equipment manufacturers should wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including chemical goggles and protective gloves, when handling flammable refrigerants. Special care should be taken to avoid contact with the skin which, like many refrigerants, can cause freeze burns on the skin. | (c) Attach near the machine compartment: “CAUTION—Risk of Fire or Explosion. Flammable Refrigerant Used. Consult Repair Manual/Owner's Guide Before Attempting To Service This Product. All Safety Precautions Must be Followed.”
(d) Attach on the exterior of the refrigeration equipment: “CAUTION—Risk of Fire or Explosion. Dispose of Properly In Accordance With Federal Or Local Regulations. Flammable Refrigerant Used.” (e) Attach near all exposed refrigerant tubing: “CAUTION—Risk of Fire or Explosion Due To Puncture Of Refrigerant Tubing; Follow Handling Instructions Carefully. Flammable Refrigerant Used.” (f) Attach on the exterior of the refrigeration equipment: “This equipment is intended for use in commercial, industrial, or institutional occupancies as defined in the Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems, ANSI/ASHRAE 15.” (g) Attach on the exterior of the shipping carton: “CAUTION—Risk of Fire or Explosion. Dispose of Properly In Accordance With Federal Or Local Regulations.” (h) The instructions shall include the following warnings as necessary: a. “WARNING: Ensure all ventilation openings are not obstructed.” b. “WARNING: Do not use mechanical devices or other means to accelerate the defrosting process, other than those recommended by the manufacturer.” c. “WARNING: Do not damage the refrigerant circuit.” Equipment must have distinguishing red (Pantone® Matching System (PMS) #185 or RAL 3020) color-coded hoses and piping to indicate use of a flammable refrigerant. The laboratory equipment shall have marked service ports, pipes, hoses and other devices through which the refrigerant is serviced. Markings shall extend at least 1 inch (25 mm) from the servicing port and shall be replaced if removed. Equipment must use no more than 150 g of R-1150 in each refrigerant circuit using this refrigerant. | A class B dry powder type fire extinguisher should be kept nearby.
Technicians should only use spark-proof tools when working on air conditioning equipment with flammable refrigerants. Any recovery equipment used should be designed for flammable refrigerants. Only technicians specifically trained in handling flammable refrigerants should service refrigeration equipment containing this refrigerant. Technicians should gain an understanding of minimizing the risk of fire and the steps to use flammable refrigerants safely. Room occupants should evacuate the space immediately following the accidental release of this refrigerant. Personnel commissioning, maintaining, repairing, decommissioning and disposing of appliances with this refrigerant should obtain training and follow practices consistent with Annex HH of UL 60335-2-40. CAA section 608(c)(2) prohibits knowingly venting or otherwise knowingly releasing or disposing of substitute refrigerants in the course of maintaining, servicing, repairing or disposing of an appliance or industrial process refrigeration. Department of Transportation requirements for transport of flammable gases must be followed. Flammable refrigerants being recovered or otherwise disposed of from residential and light commercial air conditioning appliances are likely to be hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (see 40 CFR parts 260 through 270). |
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1 The Director of the Federal Register approves this incorporation by reference (5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51). You may inspect a copy at the U.S. EPA or at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Contact the U.S. EPA at: EPA Docket Center, WJC West Building, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20004,
2 You may obtain this material from: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 180 Technology Parkway NW, Peachtree Corners, Georgia 30092; phone: 404-636-8400; website:
3 You may obtain this material from: Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) COMM 2000; 151 Eastern Avenue, Bensenville, IL 60106; phone: 415-352-2168; email:
4 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2019. Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems, Copyright 2019, including the following addenda to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2019, Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems:
Addendum a, ANSI—approved February 6, 2020.
Addendum b, ANSI—approved February 6, 2020.
Addendum c, ANSI—approved September 1, 2020.
Addendum d, ANSI—approved April 29, 2022.
Addendum e, ANSI—approved January 27, 2022.
Addendum f, ANSI—approved September 30, 2020.
Addendum i, ANSI—approved July 31, 2020.
Addendum j, ANSI—approved October 30, 2020.
Addendum k, ANSI—approved October 30, 2020.
Addendum m, ANSI—approved June 30, 2022.
Addendum n, ANSI—approved May 31, 2022.
Addendum o, ANSI—approved April 29, 2022.
Addendum q, ANSI—approved May 31, 2022.
Addendum r, ANSI—approved May 31, 2022.
5 UL 60335-2-40, Standard for Safety: Household And Similar Electrical Appliances—Safety—Part 2-40: Particular Requirements for Electrical Heat Pumps, Air-Conditioners and Dehumidifiers, 3rd edition, Dated November 1, 2019.
6 UL 61010-2-011, Standard for Safety: Safety Requirements for Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control, and Laboratory Use—Part 011: Particular Requirements for Refrigerating Equipment, 2nd edition, Dated May 13, 2021.
Fire Suppression and Explosion Protection Agents—Acceptable Subject to Use Conditions
| End-use | Substitute | Decision | Use conditions | Further information | 1. Total Flooding | 2-BTP | Acceptable Subject to Use Conditions | Acceptable only for use in normally unoccupied spaces under 500 ft 3 | This fire suppressant has a relatively low GWP of 0.23-0.26 and a short atmospheric lifetime of approximately seven days.
This agent is subject to a TSCA section 5(a)(2) SNUR. For establishments manufacturing, installing and maintaining equipment using this agent, EPA recommends the following: | • This agent should be used in accordance with the safety guidelines in the latest edition of NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems; 1 | • In the case that 2-BTP is inhaled, person(s) should be immediately removed and exposed to fresh air; if breathing is difficult, person(s) should seek medical attention; | • Eye wash and quick drench facilities should be available. In case of ocular exposure, person(s) should immediately flush the eyes, including under the eyelids, with fresh water and move to a non-contaminated area; | • Exposed persons should remove all contaminated clothing and footwear to avoid irritation; and medical attention should be sought if irritation develops or persists; | • Although unlikely, in case of ingestion of 2-BTP, the person(s) should consult a physician immediately; | • Manufacturing space should be equipped with specialized engineering controls and well ventilated with a local exhaust system and low-lying source ventilation to effectively mitigate potential occupational exposure; regular testing and monitoring of the workplace atmosphere should be conducted; | • Employees responsible for chemical processing should wear the appropriate PPE, such as protective gloves, tightly sealed goggles, protective work clothing, and suitable respiratory protection in case of accidental release or insufficient ventilation; | • All spills should be cleaned up immediately in accordance with good industrial hygiene practices; and | • Training for safe handling procedures should be provided to all employees that would be likely to handle containers of the agent or extinguishing units filled with the agent. | • Safety features that are typical of total flooding systems such as predischarge alarms, time delays, and system abort switches should be provided, as directed by applicable OSHA regulations and NFPA standards.
1 Use of this agent should also conform to relevant OSHA requirements, including 29 CFR 1910.160 and 1910.162.
See notes 1 through 5 to this table. | 2. Streaming | 2-BTP | Acceptable, Subject to Use Conditions | Acceptable only for use in non-residential applications, except for commercial home office and personal watercraft | This fire suppressant has a relatively low GWP of 0.23-0.26 and a short atmospheric lifetime of approximately seven days.
This agent is subject to a TSCA section 5(a)(2) SNUR. For establishments manufacturing, installing and maintaining equipment using this agent, EPA recommends the following: | • This agent should be used in accordance with the safety guidelines in the latest edition of NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers; 1 | • In the case that 2-BTP is inhaled, person(s) should be immediately removed and exposed to fresh air; if breathing is difficult, person(s) should seek medical attention; | • Eye wash and quick drench facilities should be available. In case of ocular exposure, person(s) should immediately flush the eyes, including under the eyelids, with fresh water and move to a non-contaminated area; | • Exposed persons should remove all contaminated clothing and footwear to avoid irritation; and medical attention should be sought if irritation develops or persists; | • Although unlikely, in case of ingestion of 2-BTP, the person(s) should consult a physician immediately; | • Manufacturing space should be equipped with specialized engineering controls and well ventilated with a local exhaust system and low-lying source ventilation to effectively mitigate potential occupational exposure; regular testing and monitoring of the workplace atmosphere should be conducted; | • Employees responsible for chemical processing should wear the appropriate PPE, such as protective gloves, tightly sealed goggles, protective work clothing, and suitable respiratory protection in case of accidental release or insufficient ventilation; | • All spills should be cleaned up immediately in accordance with good industrial hygiene practices; and | • Training for safe handling procedures should be provided to all employees that would be likely to handle containers of the agent or extinguishing units filled with the agent.
See notes 1 through 5 to this table. | 3. Total Flooding | EXXFIRE ® | Acceptable Subject to Use Conditions | Acceptable only for use in normally unoccupied spaces | Use of this agent should be in accordance with the safety guidelines in the latest edition of the NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems.
1 For establishments manufacturing, installing and maintaining equipment using this agent, EPA recommends the following: | • In the case that EXXFIRE ® is inhaled, person(s) should be immediately removed and exposed to fresh air. | • Eye wash and quick drench facilities should be available. In case of ocular exposure, person(s) should immediately flush the eyes with water for a minimum of 15 minutes. | • In the case of dermal exposure, the SDS recommends that person(s) should remove large grain particles, rinse with water for a minimum of 15 minutes, and remove all contaminated clothing. | • Manufacturing space should be equipped with engineering controls, specifically an adequate exhaust ventilation system, to effectively mitigate potential occupational exposure. | • Employees responsible for chemical processing should wear the appropriate personnel protective equipment (PPE), such as protective gloves, tightly sealed goggles, protective work clothing, and suitable respiratory protection in case of accidental release or insufficient ventilation. | • All spills should be cleaned up immediately in accordance with good industrial hygiene practices. | • Training for safe handling procedures should be provided to all employees that would be likely to handle containers of the agent or extinguishing units filled with the agent. | • Safety features that are typical of total flooding systems such as predischarge alarms, time delays, and system abort switches should be provided, as directed by applicable OSHA regulations and NFPA standards.
1 See notes 1 through 5 to this table. | 4. Total Flooding | Powdered Aerosol H | Acceptable Subject to Use Conditions | Acceptable only for use in normally unoccupied spaces | Use of this agent should be in accordance with the safety guidelines in the latest edition of NFPA 2010, Standard for Fixed Aerosol Fire Extinguishing Systems.
1 For establishments manufacturing, installing, and maintaining equipment using this agent, EPA recommends the following: | • Workers should use appropriate safety and protective equipment ( | • A local exhaust system should be installed and operated to provide adequate ventilation to reduce airborne exposure to Powdered Aerosol H constituents. | • An eye wash fountain and quick drench facility should be close to the production area. | • Training for safe handling procedures should be provided to all employees that would be likely to handle the containers of the agent or extinguishing units filled with the agent. | • Workers responsible for cleanup should allow particulates to settle before reentering area and wear appropriate personal protective equipment. | • All spills should be cleaned up immediately in accordance with good industrial hygiene practices.
See notes 1 through 5 to this table. |
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1 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards are available from
Note 1: EPA recommends that users consult Section VIII of the OSHA Technical Manual for information on selecting the appropriate types of personal protective equipment for all listed fire suppression agents. EPA has no intention of duplicating or displacing OSHA coverage related to the use of personal protective equipment (
Note 2: Use of all listed fire suppression agents should conform to relevant OSHA requirements, including 29 CFR 1910.160 and 1910.162.
Note 3: Per OSHA requirements, protective gear (SCBA) should be available in the event personnel should reenter the area.
Note 4: Discharge testing should be strictly limited to that which is essential to meet safety or performance requirements.
Note 5: The agent should be recovered from the fire protection system in conjunction with testing or servicing and recycled for later use or destroyed.