1. U.S. Code
  2. title 42
  3. chapter 6A
  4. subchapter I
  5. part A
  6. § 212

Collapse to view only § 212. Retirement of commissioned officers

§ 202. Administration and supervision of Service

The Public Health Service in the Department of Health and Human Services shall be administered by the Assistant Secretary for Health under the supervision and direction of the Secretary.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 201, 58 Stat. 683; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8 eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 103–43, title XX, § 2008(f), June 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 212.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 202

§ 203. Organization of Service

The Service shall consist of (1) the Office of the Surgeon General, (2) the National Institutes of Health, (3) the Bureau of Medical Services, and 1

1 So in original. The “and” probably should not appear.
(4) the Bureau of State Services, and 2
2 So in original. Probably should be followed by “(5)”.
the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The Secretary is authorized and directed to assign to the Office of the Surgeon General,3
3 See 1993 Amendment note below.
to the National Institutes of Health, to the Bureau of Medical Services, and to the Bureau of State Services, respectively, the several functions of the Service, and to establish within them such divisions, sections, and other units as he may find necessary; and from time to time abolish, transfer, and consolidate divisions, sections, and other units and assign their functions and personnel in such manner as he may find necessary for efficient operation of the Service. No division shall be established, abolished, or transferred, and no divisions shall be consolidated, except with the approval of the Secretary. The National Institutes of Health shall be administered as a part of the field service. The Secretary may delegate to any officer or employee of the Service such of his powers and duties under this chapter, except the making of regulations, as he may deem necessary or expedient.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 202, 58 Stat. 683; June 16, 1948, ch. 481, § 6(b), 62 Stat. 469; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 103–43, title XX, § 2008(g), June 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 212; Pub. L. 106–129, § 2(b)(2), Dec. 6, 1999, 113 Stat. 1670.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 203

§ 204. Commissioned Corps and Ready Reserve Corps
(a) Establishment
(1) In general
(2) Requirement
(3) Appointment
(4) Active duty
(5) Warrant officers
(b) Assimilating Reserve Corps officers into the Regular Corps
(c) Purpose and use of Ready Reserve Corps
(1) Purpose
(2) Uses
The Ready Reserve Corps shall, consistent with paragraph (1)—
(A) participate in routine training to meet the general and specific needs of the Commissioned Corps;
(B) be available and ready for involuntary calls to active duty during national emergencies and public health crises, similar to the uniformed service reserve personnel;
(C) be available for backfilling critical positions left vacant during deployment of active duty Commissioned Corps members during such emergencies, as well as for deployment to respond to public health emergencies, both foreign and domestic; and
(D) be available for service assignment in isolated, hardship, and medically underserved communities (as defined in section 295p of this title) to improve access to health services, consistent with subparagraph (C).
(3) Statutory references to reserve
(d) Funding
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 203, 58 Stat. 683; Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, § 2, 62 Stat. 39; Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, title XI, § 1106(a), 63 Stat. 972; Pub. L. 96–76, title III, § 302(a), Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 584; Pub. L. 111–148, title V, § 5210, Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 614; Pub. L. 112–166, § 2(ff)(1), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1290; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3214(a), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 372.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 204

§ 204a. Deployment readiness
(a) Readiness requirements for Commissioned Corps officers
(1) In generalThe Secretary, with respect to members of the following Corps components, shall establish requirements, including training and medical examinations, to ensure the readiness of such components to respond to urgent or emergency public health care needs that cannot otherwise be met at the Federal, State, and local levels:
(A) Active duty Regular Corps.
(B) Ready Reserve Corps.
(2) Annual assessment of members
(3) Failure to meet requirements
(4) Waiver of requirements
(A) In generalThe Secretary may waive one or more of the requirements established under paragraph (1) for an individual who is not able to meet such requirements because of—
(i) a disability;
(ii) a temporary medical condition; or
(iii) any other extraordinary limitation as determined by the Secretary.
(B) Regulations
(5) Urgent or emergency public health care needFor purposes of this section and section 215 of this title, the term “urgent or emergency public health care need” means a health care need, as determined by the Secretary, arising as the result of—
(A) a national emergency declared by the President under the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.);
(B) an emergency or major disaster declared by the President under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.);
(C) a public health emergency declared by the Secretary under section 247d of this title; or
(D) any emergency that, in the judgment of the Secretary, is appropriate for the deployment of members of the Corps.
(b) Corps management for deploymentThe Secretary shall—
(1) organize members of the Corps into units for rapid deployment by the Secretary to respond to urgent or emergency public health care needs;
(2) establish appropriate procedures for the command and control of units or individual members of the Corps that are deployed at the direction of the President or the Secretary in response to an urgent or emergency public health care need of national, State or local significance;
(3) ensure that members of the Corps are trained, equipped and otherwise prepared to fulfill their public health and emergency response roles; and
(4) ensure that deployment planning takes into account—
(A) any deployment exemptions that may be granted by the Secretary based on the unique requirements of an agency and an individual’s functional role in such agency; and
(B) the nature of the urgent or emergency public health care need.
(c) Deployment of detailed or assigned officers
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 203A, as added Pub. L. 109–417, title II, § 206(b), Dec. 19, 2006, 120 Stat. 2851; amended Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3214(b), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 373.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 204a

§ 205. Appointment and tenure of office of Surgeon General; reversion in rank

The Surgeon General shall be appointed from the Regular Corps for a four-year term by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Surgeon General shall be appointed from individuals who (1) are members of the Regular Corps, and (2) have specialized training or significant experience in public health programs. Upon the expiration of such term the Surgeon General, unless reappointed, shall revert to the grade and number in the Regular Corps or Ready Reserve Corps that he would have occupied had he not served as Surgeon General.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 204, 58 Stat. 684; Pub. L. 97–25, title III, § 303(a), July 27, 1981, 95 Stat. 145; Pub. L. 97–35, title XXVII, § 2765(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 932; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3214(e)(1), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 373.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 205

§ 206. Assignment of officers
(a) Deputy Surgeon General
(b) Assistant Surgeons General
(c) Creation of temporary positions as Assistant Surgeons General
(1) The Surgeon General, with the approval of the Secretary, is authorized to create special temporary positions in the grade of Assistant Surgeons General when necessary for the proper staffing of the Service. The Surgeon General may assign officers of either the Regular Corps or the Ready Reserve Corps to any such temporary position, and while so serving they shall each have the title of Assistant Surgeon General.
(2) Except as provided in this paragraph, the number of special temporary positions created by the Surgeon General under paragraph (1) shall not on any day exceed 1 per centum of the highest number, during the ninety days preceding such day, of officers of the Regular Corps on active duty and officers of the Ready Reserve Corps on active duty for more than thirty days. If on any day the number of such special temporary positions exceeds such 1 per centum limitation, for a period of not more than one year after such day, the number of such special temporary positions shall be reduced for purposes of complying with such 1 per centum limitation only by the resignation, retirement, death, or transfer to a position of a lower grade, of any officer holding any such temporary position.
(d) Designation of Assistant Surgeon General with respect to absence, disability, or vacancy in offices of Surgeon General and Deputy Surgeon General
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 205, 58 Stat. 684; Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, § 3, 62 Stat. 39; June 16, 1948, ch. 481, § 6(b), 62 Stat. 469; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 96–76, title III, §§ 302(b), 303, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 584; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3214(e)(3), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 373.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 206

§ 207. Grades, ranks, and titles of commissioned corps
(a) Grades of commissioned officers
The Surgeon General, during the period of his appointment as such, shall be of the same grade as the Surgeon General of the Army; the Deputy Surgeon General and the Chief Medical Officer of the United States Coast Guard, while assigned as such, shall have the grade corresponding with the grade of major general; and the Chief Dental Officer, while assigned as such, shall have the grade as is prescribed by law for the officer of the Dental Corps selected and appointed as Assistant Surgeon General of the Army. During the period of appointment to the position of Assistant Secretary for Health, a commissioned officer of the Public Health Service shall have the grade corresponding to the grade of General of the Army. Assistant Surgeons General, while assigned as such, shall have the grade corresponding with either the grade of brigadier general or the grade of major general, as may be determined by the Secretary after considering the importance of the duties to be performed: Provided, That the number of Assistant Surgeons General having a grade higher than that corresponding to the grade of brigadier general shall at no time exceed one-half of the number of positions created by subsection (b) of section 206 of this title or pursuant to subsection (c) of section 206 of this title. The grades of commissioned officers of the Service shall correspond with grades of officers of the Army as follows:
(1) Officers of the director grade—colonel;
(2) Officers of the senior grade—lieutenant colonel;
(3) Officers of the full grade—major;
(4) Officers of the senior assistant grade—captain;
(5) Officers of the assistant grade—first lieutenant;
(6) Officers of the junior assistant grade—second lieutenant;
(7) Chief warrant officers of (W–4) grade—chief warrant officer (W–4);
(8) Chief warrant officers of (W–3) grade—chief warrant officer (W–3);
(9) Chief warrant officers of (W–2) grade—chief warrant officer (W–2); and
(10) Warrant officers of (W–1) grade—warrant officer (W–1).
(b) Titles of medical officers
(c) Repealed. Pub. L. 96–76, title III, § 304(b), Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 584
(d) Maximum number in grade for each fiscal year
(e) Exception to grade limitations for officers assigned to Department of Defense
(f) Exception to maximum number limitations for officers assigned to Department of Defense
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 206, 58 Stat. 684; Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, § 4, 62 Stat. 39; Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 653, 65 Stat. 700; July 17, 1952, ch. 931, 66 Stat. 758; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 87–649, § 11(1), Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 497; Pub. L. 95–215, § 8(b), Dec. 19, 1977, 91 Stat. 1507; Pub. L. 96–76, title III, § 304, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 584; Pub. L. 99–117, § 9, Oct. 7, 1985, 99 Stat. 494; Pub. L. 101–93, § 5(p), Aug. 16, 1989, 103 Stat. 614; Pub. L. 101–502, § 5(k)(1), Nov. 3, 1990, 104 Stat. 1289; Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title V, § 582, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2538; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3214(e)(3), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 373.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 207

§ 208. Repealed. Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, § 5(a), 62 Stat. 40

CITE AS: 42 USC 208

§ 209. Appointment of personnel
(a) Original appointments to Regular and Ready Reserve Corps; limitation on appointment and call to active duty
(1) Except as provided in subsections (b) and (e) of this section, original appointments to the Regular Corps may be made only in the warrant officer (W–1), chief warrant officer (W–2), chief warrant officer (W–3), chief warrant officer (W–4), junior assistant, assistant, and senior assistant grades and original appointments to a grade above junior assistant shall be made only after passage of an examination, given in accordance with regulations of the President, in one or more of the several branches of medicine, dentistry, hygiene, sanitary engineering, pharmacy, psychology, nursing, or related scientific specialties in the field of public health.
(2) Original appointments to the Ready Reserve Corps may be made to any grade up to and including the director grade but only after passage of an examination given in accordance with regulations of the President. Reserve commissions shall be for an indefinite period and may be terminated at any time, as the President may direct.
(3) No individual who has attained the age of forty-four shall be appointed to the Regular Corps, or called to active duty in the Ready Reserve Corps for a period in excess of one year, unless (A) he has had a number of years of active service (as defined in section 212(d) of this title) equal to the number of years by which his age exceeds forty-four, or (B) the Surgeon General determines that he possesses exceptional qualifications, not readily available elsewhere in the Commissioned Corps of the Public Health Service, for the performance of special duties with the Service, or (C) in the case of an officer of the Ready Reserve Corps, the Commissioned Corps of the Service has been declared by the President to be a military service.
(b) Grade and number of original appointments
(1) Not more than 10 per centum of the original appointments to the Regular Corps authorized to be made during any fiscal year may be made to grades above that of senior assistant, but no such appointment (other than an appointment under section 205 of this title) may be made to a grade above that of director. For the purpose of this subsection the number of original appointments authorized to be made during a fiscal year shall be (1) the excess of the number of officers of the Regular Corps authorized by the appropriation Act or Acts for such year over the number of officers on active duty in the Regular Corps on the first day of such year, plus (2) the number of such officers of the Regular Corps who, during such fiscal year, have been or will be retired upon attainment of age sixty-four or have for any other reason ceased to be on active duty. In determining the number of appointments authorized by this subsection an appointment shall be deemed to be made in the fiscal year in which the nomination is transmitted by the President to the Senate.
(2)
(A)
(i) was on active duty in the Ready Reserve Corps on July 1, 1960, (ii) was on such active duty continuously for not less than one year immediately prior to such date, and (iii) applies for appointment to the Regular Corps prior to July 1, 1962; or
(B) does not come within clause (A)(i) and (ii) but was on active duty in the Ready Reserve Corps continuously for not less than one year immediately prior to his appointment to the Regular Corps and has not served on active duty continuously for a period, occurring after June 30, 1960, of more than three and one-half years prior to applying for such appointment.
(3) No person shall be appointed pursuant to this subsection unless he meets standards established in accordance with regulat1ions of the President.
(c) Issuance of commissions
(d) Date of appointment; credit for service
(1) For purposes of basic pay and for purposes of promotion, any person appointed under subsection (a) to the grade of senior assistant in the Regular Corps, and any person appointed under subsection (b), shall, except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subsection, be considered as having had on the date of appointment the following length of service: Three years if appointed to the senior assistant grade, ten years if appointed to the full grade, seventeen years if appointed to the senior grade, and eighteen years if appointed to the director grade.
(2) For purposes of basic pay, any person appointed under subsection (a) to the grade of senior assistant in the Regular Corps, and any person appointed under subsection (b), shall, in lieu of the credit provided in paragraph (1) of this subsection, be credited with the service for which he is entitled to credit under any other provision of law if such service exceeds that to which he would be entitled under such paragraph.
(3) For purposes of promotion, any person originally appointed in the Regular Corps to the senior assistant grade or above who has had active service in the Ready Reserve Corps shall be considered as having had on the date of appointment the length of service provided for in paragraph (1) of this subsection, plus whichever of the following is greater: (A) The excess of his total active service in the Ready Reserve Corps (above the grade of junior assistant) over the length of service provided in such paragraph, to the extent that such excess is on account of service in the Ready Reserve Corps in or above the grade to which he is appointed in the Regular Corps or (B) his active service in the same or any higher grade in the Ready Reserve Corps after the first day on which, under regulations in effect on the date of his appointment to the Regular Corps, he would have had the training and experience necessary for such appointment.
(4) For purposes of promotion, any person whose original appointment is to the assistant grade in the Regular Corps shall be considered as having had on the date of appointment service equal to his total active service in the Ready Reserve Corps in and above the assistant grade.
(e) Reappointment; credit for service
(1) A former officer of the Regular Corps may, if application for appointment is made within two years after the date of the termination of his prior commission in the Regular Corps, be reappointed to the Regular Corps without examination, except as the Surgeon General may otherwise prescribe, and without regard to the numerical limitations of subsection (b).
(2) Reappointments pursuant to this subsection may be made to the permanent grade held by the former officer at the time of the termination of his prior commission, or to the next higher grade if such officer meets the eligibility requirements prescribed by regulation for original appointment to such higher grade. For purposes of pay, promotion, and seniority in grade, such reappointed officer shall receive the credits for service to which he would be entitled if such appointment were an original appointment, but in no event less than the credits he held at the time his prior commission was terminated, except that if such officer is reappointed to the next higher grade he shall receive no credit for seniority in grade.
(3) No former officer shall be reappointed pursuant to this subsection unless he shall meet such standards as the Secretary may prescribe.
(f) Special consultants
(g) Designation for fellowships; duties; pay
(h) Aliens
(i) Civil service appointments by Secretary
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 207, formerly § 208, 58 Stat. 685; July 3, 1946, ch. 538, § 4, 60 Stat. 421; Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 958, § 3, 60 Stat. 1049; renumbered § 207 and amended Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, § 5(a)–(d), 62 Stat. 40; Oct. 12, 1949, ch. 681, title V, § 521(a), 63 Stat. 834; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Apr. 27, 1956, ch. 211, § 3(a)–(c)(1), 70 Stat. 116; Pub. L. 86–415, §§ 2, 3, Apr. 8, 1960, 74 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 96–76, title III, § 305, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 585; Pub. L. 96–88, title V, § 509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695; Pub. L. 97–35, title XXVII, § 2765(c), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 933; Pub. L. 97–414, § 8(a), Jan. 4, 1983, 96 Stat. 2060; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3214(e)(1), (3), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 373.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 209

§§ 209a, 209b. Omitted

CITE AS: 42 USC 209a, 209b

§ 209c. Repealed. Pub. L. 87–649, § 14b, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 499

CITE AS: 42 USC 209c

§ 209d. Appointment of osteopaths as commissioned officers

Graduates of colleges of osteopathy whose graduates are eligible for licensure to practice medicine or osteopathy in a majority of the States of the United States, or approved by a body or bodies acceptable to the Secretary, shall be eligible, subject to the other provisions of this Act, for appointment as commissioned medical officers in the Public Health Service.

(Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, § 5(b), 62 Stat. 40; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 209d

§ 210. Pay and allowances
(a) Commissioned officers of Regular Corps and Ready Reserve Corps; special pay for active duty; incentive special pay for Public Health Service nurses
(1) Commissioned officers of the Regular Corps and Ready Reserve Corps shall be entitled to receive such pay and allowances as are now or may hereafter be authorized by law.
(2) For provisions relating to the receipt of special pay by commissioned officers of the Regular Corps and Ready Reserve Corps while on active duty, see section 303a(b) or 373 of title 37.
(b) Purchase of supplies
(c) Members of national advisory or review councils or committees
(d) Field employees
(e) Additional pay for service at Gillis W. Long Hansen’s Disease Center
(f) Allowances included in fellowships
(g) Positions in professional, scientific and executive service; compensation; appointment
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 208, formerly § 209, 58 Stat. 686; July 3, 1946, ch. 538, § 5(a), 60 Stat. 422; renumbered § 208 and amended Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, § 5(a), (g), (h), 62 Stat. 40; June 16, 1948, ch. 481, § 4(d), 62 Stat. 467; June 24, 1948, ch. 621, § 4(d), 62 Stat. 601; Oct. 12, 1949, ch. 681, title V, § 521(b), 63 Stat. 834; Aug. 9, 1950, ch. 654, § 1, 64 Stat. 426; Aug. 15, 1950, ch. 714, §§ 3(e), 4(b), 64 Stat. 447; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8 eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Aug. 1, 1955, ch. 437, title II, § 201, 69 Stat. 407; June 29, 1956, ch. 477, title II, § 201, 70 Stat. 430; July 31, 1956, ch. 804, title I, § 117(b), 70 Stat. 741; Pub. L. 85–462, § 12(e), June 20, 1958, 72 Stat. 214; Pub. L. 85–929, § 9, Sept. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 1789; Pub. L. 86–415, § 5(b), Apr. 8, 1960, 74 Stat. 34; Pub. L. 86–703, title II, § 201, Sept. 2, 1960, 74 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 87–649, §§ 11(3), 14b, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 497, 499; Pub. L. 87–793, title VI, § 1001(d), Oct. 11, 1962, 76 Stat. 864; Pub. L. 88–426, title III, § 305(1), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 422; Pub. L. 90–574, title V, § 501, Oct. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 1012; Pub. L. 91–515, title VI, § 601(b)(1), Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1310; Pub. L. 92–157, title III, § 301(a), Nov. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 463; Pub. L. 95–83, title III, § 312, Aug. 1, 1977, 91 Stat. 398; Pub. L. 95–623, § 11(a), Nov. 9, 1978, 92 Stat. 3455; 1978 Reorg. Plan No. 2, § 102, eff. Jan. 1, 1979, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783; Pub. L. 96–32, § 7(g), July 10, 1979, 93 Stat. 84; Pub. L. 96–398, title VIII, § 805, Oct. 7, 1980, 94 Stat. 1608; Pub. L. 99–117, § 3(a), Oct. 7, 1985, 99 Stat. 491; Pub. L. 99–272, title XVII, § 17002(a)(1), (b), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 359; Pub. L. 100–607, title VII, § 706, Nov. 4, 1988, 102 Stat. 3159; Pub. L. 106–398, § 1 [[div. A], title VI, § 634(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–159; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title VI, § 618(i), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1427; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3214(e)(2), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 373.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 210

§ 210–1. Annual and sick leave
(a) Regulations
(b) Limitation
(c)2
2 See 1962 Amendment note for subsec. (d) below.
Definitions
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 219, as added Aug. 9, 1950, ch. 654, § 2, 64 Stat. 426; amended Pub. L. 87–649, § 14b, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 499; Pub. L. 96–76, title III, § 311, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 586; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3214(e)(3), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 373; Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title II, § 2225(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5750.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 210-1

§ 210a. Repealed. Pub. L. 87–649, § 14b, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 499

CITE AS: 42 USC 210a

§ 210b. Professional categories
(a) Division of corps; basis of categories
(b) Assignment of officers
(c) Maximum number of officers in each category
(d) Vacancies in grade for purposes of promotion
(e) Absence of vacancy in grade as affecting promotion
(f) Vacancy in grade as affecting maximum number for each category
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 209, as added Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, § 5(i), 62 Stat. 41; amended 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 96–76, title III, § 306, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 585.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 210b

§ 211. Promotion of commissioned officers
(a) Permanent or temporary promotions; examination
(b) Promotion to certain grades only to fill vacancies; regulations; “restricted grade” defined
(c) Examinations
(d) Permanent promotions to qualified officers on length of serviceOfficers of the Regular Corps, found pursuant to subsection (c) to be qualified, shall be given permanent promotions based on length of service, as follows:
(1) Officers in the warrant officer (W–1) grade, chief warrant officer (W–2) grade, chief warrant officer (W–3) grade, chief warrant officer (W–4) grade, and junior assistant grade shall be promoted at such times as may be prescribed in regulations of the President.
(2) Officers with permanent rank in the assistant grade, the senior assistant grade, and the full grade shall (except as provided in regulations under subsection (b)) be promoted after completion of three, ten, and seventeen years, respectively, of service in grades above the junior assistant grade; and such promotions, when made, shall be effective, for purposes of pay and seniority in grade, as of the day following the completion of such years of service. An officer with permanent rank in the assistant, senior assistant, or full grade who has not completed such years of service shall be promoted at the same time, and his promotion shall be effective as of the same day, as any officer junior to him in the same grade in the same professional category who is promoted under this paragraph.
(e) Promotion of professional category officers to fill certain vacancies
(f) Reexamination upon failure of promotion; effective date of promotion
(g) Separation from service upon failure of promotionIf, for reasons other than physical disability, an officer of the Regular Corps in the warrant officer (W–1) grade or junior assistant grade is found pursuant to subsection (c) not to be qualified for promotion he shall be separated from the Service. If, for reasons other than physical disability, an officer of the Regular Corps in the chief warrant officer (W–2), chief warrant officer (W–3), assistant, senior assistant, or full grade, after having been twice examined for promotion (other than promotion to a restricted grade), fails to be promoted—
(1) if in the chief warrant officer (W–2) or assistant grade he shall be separated from the Service and paid six months’ basic pay and allowances;
(2) if in the chief warrant officer (W–3) or senior assistant grade he shall be separated from the Service and paid one year’s basic pay and allowances;
(3) if in the full grade he shall be considered as not in line for promotion and shall, at such time thereafter as the Surgeon General may determine, be retired from the Service with retired pay (unless he is entitled to a greater amount by reason of another provision of law)—
(A) in the case of an officer who first became a member of a uniformed service before September 8, 1980, at the rate of 2½ percent of the retired pay base determined under section 1406(h) of title 10 for each year, not in excess of 30, of his active commissioned service in the Service; or
(B) in the case of an officer who first became a member of a uniformed service on or after September 8, 1980, at the rate determined by multiplying—
(i) the retired pay base determined under section 1407 of title 10; by
(ii) the retired pay multiplier determined under section 1409 of such title for the number of years of his active commissioned service in the Service.
(h) Separation from service upon refusal to stand examination
(i) Review of record; separation from service
(j) Determination of order of seniority
(1) The order of seniority of officers in a grade in the Regular Corps shall be determined, subject to the provisions of paragraph (2) of this subsection, by the relative length of time spent in active service after the effective date of each such officer’s original appointment or permanent promotion to that grade. When permanent promotions of two or more officers to the same grade are effective on the same day, their relative seniority shall be the same as it was in the grade from which promoted. In all other cases of original appointments or permanent promotions (or both) to the same grade effective on the same day, relative seniority shall be determined in accordance with regulations of the President.
(2) In the case of an officer originally appointed in the Regular Corps to the grade of assistant or above, his seniority in the grade to which appointed shall be determined after inclusion, as service in such grade, of any active service in such grade or in any higher grade in the Ready Reserve Corps, but (if the appointment is to the grade of senior assistant or above) only to the extent of whichever of the following is greater: (A) His active service in such grade or any higher grade in the Ready Reserve Corps after the first day on which, under regulations in effect on the date of his appointment to the Regular Corps, he had the training and experience necessary for such appointment, or (B) the excess of his total active service in the Ready Reserve Corps (above the grade of junior assistant) over three years if his appointment in the Regular Corps is to the senior assistant grade, over ten years if the appointment is to the full grade, or over seventeen years if the appointment is to the senior grade.
(k) Temporary promotions; fill vacancy in higher grade; war or national emergency; selection of officers; termination of appointment
(l) Determination of requirements of Service by Secretary; assignment of Reserve Officers to professional categories; temporary promotions; termination of temporary promotions
(m) Acceptance of promotion; oath and affidavit
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 210, 58 Stat. 687; Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, § 6(a), 62 Stat. 42; Oct. 12, 1949, ch. 681, title V, § 521(c), 63 Stat. 835; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Apr. 27, 1956, ch. 211, § 4(a), 70 Stat. 117; Pub. L. 86–415, § 5(c), Apr. 8, 1960, 74 Stat. 34; Pub. L. 87–649, § 11(2), Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 497; Pub. L. 96–76, title III, § 307, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 585; Pub. L. 96–342, title VIII, § 813(h)(1), Sept. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1110; Pub. L. 99–348, title II, § 207(a), July 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 701; Pub. L. 112–166, § 2(ff)(2), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1290; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3214(e)(3), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 373.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 211

§ 211a. Repealed. Pub. L. 93–222, § 7(b), Dec. 29, 1973, 87 Stat. 936

CITE AS: 42 USC 211a

§ 211b. Repealed. Pub. L. 94–412, title V, § 501(f), Sept. 14, 1976, 90 Stat. 1258

CITE AS: 42 USC 211b

§ 211c. Promotion credit for medical officers in assistant grade
Any medical officer of the Regular Corps of the Public Health Service who—
(1)
(A) was appointed to the assistant grade in the Regular Corps and whose service in such Corps has been continuous from the date of appointment or (B) may hereafter be appointed to the assistant grade in the Regular Corps, and
(2) had or will have completed a medical internship on the date of such appointment,
shall be credited with one year for purposes of promotion and seniority in grade, except that no such credit shall be authorized if the officer has received or will receive similar credit for his internship under other provisions of law. In the case of an officer on active duty on the effective date of this section who is entitled to the credit authorized herein, the one year shall be added to the promotion and seniority-in-grade credits with which he is credited on such date.
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 220, as added Apr. 30, 1956, ch. 223, § 3, 70 Stat. 121.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 211c

§ 212. Retirement of commissioned officers
(a) Age; voluntariness; length of service; computation of retired pay
(1) A commissioned officer of the Regular Corps shall, if he applies for retirement, be retired on or after the first day of the month following the month in which he attains the age of sixty-four years. This paragraph does not permit or require the involuntary retirement of any individual because of the age of the individual.
(2) A commissioned officer of the Regular Corps may be retired by the Secretary, and shall be retired if he applies for retirement, on the first day of any month after completion of thirty years of active service.
(3) Any commissioned officer of the Regular Corps who has had less than thirty years of active service may be retired by the Secretary, with or without application by the officer, on the first day of any month after completion of twenty or more years of active service of which not less than ten are years of active commissioned service in any of the uniformed services.
(4) Except as provided in paragraph (6), a commissioned officer retired pursuant to paragraph (1), (2), or (3) who was on active duty with the Regular Corps on the day preceding such retirement shall be entitled to receive retired pay calculated by multiplying the retired pay base determined under section 1406 of title 10 by the retired pay multiplier determined under section 1409 of such title for the numbers of years of service credited to the officer under this paragraph and in which, in the case of a temporary promotion to such grade, he has performed active duty for not less than six months, (A) for each year of active service, or (B) if it results in higher retired pay, for each of the following years:
(i) his years of active service (determined without regard to subsection (d)) as a member of a uniformed service; plus
(ii) in the case of a medical or dental officer, four years and, in the case of a medical officer, who has completed one year of medical internship or the equivalent thereof, one additional year, the four years and the one year to be reduced by the period of active service performed during such officer’s attendance at medical school or dental school or during his medical internship; plus
(iii) the number of years of service with which he was entitled to be credited for purposes of basic pay on May 31, 1958, or (if higher) on any date prior thereto, reduced by any such year included under clause (i) and further reduced by any such year with which he was entitled to be credited under paragraphs (7) and (8) of section 205(a) of title 37 on any date before June 1, 1958;
except that (C) in the case of any officer whose retired pay, so computed, is less than 50 per centum of such basic pay, who retires pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection, who has not less than twelve whole years of active service (computed without the application of subsection (e)), and who does not use, for purposes of a retirement annuity under subchapter III of chapter 83 of title 5, any service which is also creditable in computing his retired pay from the Regular Corps, it shall, instead, be 50 per centum of such pay, (D) the retired pay of an officer shall in no case be more than 75 per centum of such basic pay, and (E) in the case of any officer who participates in the modernized retirement system by reason of section 1409(b) of title 10 (including pursuant to an election under subparagraph (B) of that section), subparagraph (C) shall be applied by substituting “40 per centum” for “50 per centum” each place the term appears.
(5) With the approval of the President, a commissioned officer whose service as Surgeon General, Deputy Surgeon General, or Assistant Surgeon General has totaled four years or more and who has had not less than twenty-five years of active service in the Regular Corps may retire voluntarily at any time; and except as provided in paragraph (6), his retired pay shall be at the rate of 75 per centum of the basic pay of the highest grade held by him as such officer.
(6) The retired pay of a commissioned officer retired under this subsection who first became a member of a uniformed service after September 7, 1980, is determined by multiplying—
(A) the retired pay base determined under section 1407 of title 10; by
(B) the retired pay multiplier determined under section 1409 of such title for the number of years of service credited to the officer under paragraph (4).
(7) Retired pay computed under section 211(g)(3) of this title or under paragraph (4) or (5) of this subsection, if not a multiple of $1, shall be rounded to the next lower multiple of $1.
(b) Basic pay of highest temporary grade
(c) Recall to active duty
(d) “Active service” definedThe term “active service”, as used in subsection (a), includes:
(1) all active service in any of the uniformed services;
(2) active service with the Public Health Service, other than as a commissioned officer, which the Surgeon General determines is comparable to service performed by commissioned officers of the Regular Corps, except that, if there are more than five years of such service only the last five years thereof may be in­cluded;
(3) all active service (other than service included under the preceding provisions of this subsection) which is creditable for retirement purposes under laws governing the retirement of members of any of the uniformed services; and
(4) service performed as a member of the Senior Biomedical Research Service established by section 237 of this title, except that, if there are more than 5 years of such service, only the last 5 years thereof may be included.
(e) Crediting of part of year
(f) Retirement or separation for physical disability
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 211, 58 Stat. 688; Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, § 7, 62 Stat. 46; Oct. 12, 1949, ch. 681, title V, § 521(d), 63 Stat. 835; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Apr. 27, 1956, ch. 211, § 5(a)–(c), 70 Stat. 117; Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, § 5, 70A Stat. 620; Pub. L. 86–415, § 4, Apr. 8, 1960, 74 Stat. 33; Pub. L. 91–253, § 1, May 14, 1970, 84 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 96–76, title III, § 308, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 585; Pub. L. 96–342, title VIII, § 813(h)(2), Sept. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1110; Pub. L. 97–25, title III, § 303(b), July 27, 1981, 95 Stat. 145; Pub. L. 97–35, title XXVII, § 2765(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 932; Pub. L. 98–94, title IX, §§ 922(d), 923(f), Sept. 24, 1983, 97 Stat. 642, 643; Pub. L. 99–348, title II, § 207(b), July 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 702; Pub. L. 101–509, title V, § 529 [title III, § 304(b)], Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1427, 1464; Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title VI, § 631(c)(4), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 845; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3214(c), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 373.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 212

§ 212a. Repealed. Pub. L. 93–222, § 7(b), Dec. 29, 1973, 87 Stat. 936

CITE AS: 42 USC 212a

§ 212b. Repealed. Apr. 27, 1956, ch. 211, § 5(d), 70 Stat. 117

CITE AS: 42 USC 212b

§ 213. Military benefits
(a) Rights, privileges, immunities, and benefits accorded to commissioned officers or their survivors
Except as provided in subsection (b), commissioned officers of the Service and their surviving beneficiaries shall, with respect to active service performed by such officers—
(1) in time of war;
(2) on detail for duty with the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard; or
(3) while the Service is part of the military forces of the United States pursuant to Executive order of the President;
be entitled to all rights, privileges, immunities, and benefits now or hereafter provided under any law of the United States in the case of commissioned officers of the Army or their surviving beneficiaries on account of active military service, except retired pay and uniform allowances.
(b) Award of decorations
(c) Authority of Surgeon General
(d) Active service deemed active military service with respect to laws administered by Secretary of Veterans Affairs
(e) Active service deemed active military service with respect to Servicemembers Civil Relief Act
(f) Active service deemed active military service with respect to anti-discrimination laws
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 212, 58 Stat. 689; July 15, 1954, ch. 507, § 14(a), 68 Stat. 481; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 837, title V, § 501(b)(1), 70 Stat. 881; Pub. L. 94–278, title XI, § 1101, Apr. 22, 1976, 90 Stat. 415; Pub. L. 102–54, § 13(q)(1)(C), June 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 278; Pub. L. 105–392, title IV, § 402(a), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3587; Pub. L. 108–189, § 2(e), Dec. 19, 2003, 117 Stat. 2866.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 213

§ 213a. Rights, benefits, privileges, and immunities for commissioned officers or beneficiaries; exercise of authority by Secretary or designee
(a) Commissioned officers of the Service or their surviving beneficiaries are entitled to all the rights, benefits, privileges, and immunities now or hereafter provided for commissioned officers of the Army or their surviving beneficiaries under the following provisions of title 10:
(1) Section 1036, Escorts for dependents of members: transportation and travel allowances.
(2) Chapter 61, Retirement or Separation for Physical Disability, except that sections 1201, 1202, and 1203 do not apply to commissioned officers of the Public Health Service who have been ordered to active duty for training for a period of more than 30 days.
(3) Chapter 69, Retired Grade, except sections 1370,1
1 See References in Text note below.
1374,1 1375 and 1376(a).1
(4) Chapter 71, Computation of Retired Pay, except formula No. 3 of section 1401.1
(5) Chapter 73, Retired Serviceman’s Family Protection Plan; Survivor Benefit Plan.
(6) Chapter 75, Death Benefits.
(7) Section 2771, Final settlement of accounts: deceased members.
(8) Chapter 163, Military Claims, but only when commissioned officers of the Service are entitled to military benefits under section 213 of this title.
(9) Section 2603, Acceptance of fellowships, scholarships, or grants.
(10) Section 2634, Motor vehicles: for members on permanent change of station.
(11) Section 1035, Deposits of Savings.
(12) Section 1552, Correction of military rec­ords: claims incident thereto.
(13) Section 1553, Review of discharge or dismissal.
(14) Section 1554, Review of retirement or separation without pay for physical disability.
(15) Section 1124, Cash awards for suggestions, inventions, or scientific achievements.
(16) Section 1052, Reimbursement for adoption expenses.
(17) Section 1059, Transitional compensation and commissary and exchange benefits for dependents of members separated for dependent abuse.
(18) Section 1034, Protected Communications; Prohibition of Retaliatory Personnel Actions.
(19) Chapter 1223, Retired Pay for Non-Regular Service.
(20) Section 12601, Compensation: Reserve on active duty accepting from any person.
(21) Section 12684, Reserves: separation for absence without authority or sentence to imprisonment.
(b)
(1) The authority vested by title 10 in the “military departments”, “the Secretary concerned”, or “the Secretary of Defense” with respect to the rights, privileges, immunities, and benefits referred to in subsection (a) shall be exercised, with respect to commissioned officers of the Service, by the Secretary of Health and Human Services or the designee of such Secretary.
(2) For purposes of paragraph (18) of subsection (a), the term “Inspector General” in section 1034 of such title 10 shall mean the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services.
(3) For purposes of paragraph (19) of subsection (a), the terms “Military department”, “Secretary concerned”, and “Armed forces” in such title 10 shall be deemed to include, respectively, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, and the Commissioned Corps.
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 221, as added Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, § 4, 70A Stat. 619; amended Pub. L. 85–861, § 4, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1547; Pub. L. 86–160, § 3, Aug. 14, 1959, 73 Stat. 359; Pub. L. 87–555, § 2, July 27, 1962, 76 Stat. 244; Pub. L. 88–132, § 5(k), Oct. 2, 1963, 77 Stat. 214; Pub. L. 88–431, § 1(d), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 440; Pub. L. 89–538, § 3(b), Aug. 14, 1966, 80 Stat. 348; Pub. L. 92–425, § 5, Sept. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 713; Pub. L. 96–76, title III, § 312, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 586; Pub. L. 96–513, title V, § 507(f)(2), Dec. 12, 1980, 94 Stat. 2920; Pub. L. 99–117, § 4, Oct. 7, 1985, 99 Stat. 492; Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title VI, § 653(a), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1804; Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title VI, § 653(a), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1153; Pub. L. 112–144, title XI, § 1129, July 9, 2012, 126 Stat. 1118; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title III, § 3214(d), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 373.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 213a

§ 214. Presentation of United States flag upon retirement
(a) Presentation of flag
(b) Multiple presentations not authorized
(c) No cost to recipient
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 213, as added Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title VI, § 652(b), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 665.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 214

§ 214a. Repealed. Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1211, § 5, 68 Stat. 1130

CITE AS: 42 USC 214a

§ 215. Detail of Service personnel
(a) Other Government departments
(b) State health or mental health authorities
(c) Congressional committees and nonprofit educational, research, or other institutions engaged in health activities for special studies and dissemination of information
(d) Availability of funds; reimbursement by State; detailed services deemed service for computation of pay, promotion, etc.
(e) Commissioned Corps officers; urgent or emergency public health care needs
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 214, 58 Stat. 690; July 3, 1946, ch. 538, § 6, 60 Stat. 423; Oct. 12, 1949, ch. 681, title V, § 521(e), 63 Stat. 835; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 96–76, title III, § 309, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 585;

CITE AS: 42 USC 215

§ 216. Regulations
(a) Prescription by President: appointments, retirement, etc.
(b) Promulgation by Surgeon General; administration of Service
(c) Preference to school of medicine
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 215, 58 Stat. 690; Oct. 12, 1949, ch. 681, title V, § 521(f), 63 Stat. 835; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 216

§ 217. Use of Service in time of war or emergency

In time of war, or of emergency proclaimed by the President, he may utilize the Service to such extent and in such manner as shall in his judgment promote the public interest. In time of war, or of emergency involving the national defense proclaimed by the President, he may by Executive order declare the commissioned corps of the Service to be a military service. Upon such declaration, and during the period of such war or such emergency or such part thereof as the President shall prescribe, the commissioned corps (a) shall constitute a branch of the land and naval forces of the United States, (b) shall, to the extent prescribed by regulations of the President, be subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice [10 U.S.C. 801 et seq.], and (c) shall continue to operate as part of the Service except to the extent that the President may direct as Commander in Chief.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 216, 58 Stat. 690; Apr. 27, 1956, ch. 211, § 1, 70 Stat. 116.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 217

§ 217a. Advisory councils or committees
(a) Appointment; purpose
(b) Compensation and allowances of members not full-time employees of United States
(c) Delegation of functions
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 222, as added Pub. L. 87–838, § 3, Oct. 17, 1962, 76 Stat. 1073; amended Pub. L. 91–515, title VI, § 601(a)(3), (c), Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1310, 1311; Pub. L. 99–158, § 3(a)(4), Nov. 20, 1985, 99 Stat. 879.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 217a

§ 217a–1. Advisory committees; prohibition of consideration of political affiliations

All appointments to advisory committees established to assist in implementing the Public Health Service Act [42 U.S.C. 201 et seq.],1

1 So in original. The comma probably should not appear.
and the Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act of 1970 [42 U.S.C. 4541 et seq.], shall be made without regard to political affiliation.

(Pub. L. 94–278, title X, § 1001, Apr. 22, 1976, 90 Stat. 415; Pub. L. 111–256, § 2(e), Oct. 5, 2010, 124 Stat. 2643.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 217a-1

§ 217b. Volunteer services

Subject to regulations, volunteer and uncompensated services may be accepted by the Secretary, or by any other officer or employee of the Department of Health and Human Services designated by him, for use in the operation of any health care facility or in the provision of health care.

(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 223, as added Pub. L. 90–174, § 6, Dec. 5, 1967, 81 Stat. 539; amended Pub. L. 103–43, title XX, § 2008(h), June 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 212.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 217b

§ 218. National Advisory Councils on Migrant Health
(a) Appointment; duties
(b) Membership
(c) Terms of office
(d) Applicability of section 1013(a) of title 5
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 217, 58 Stat. 691; July 3, 1946, ch. 538, § 5(b)–(d), 60 Stat. 422; June 16, 1948, ch. 481, §§ 4(a)–(c), 6(b), 62 Stat. 467, 469; June 24, 1948, ch. 621, § 4(a)–(c), 62 Stat. 600; Aug. 15, 1950, ch. 714, § 3(a)–(d), 64 Stat. 446; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 91–515, title VI, § 601(a)(1), Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1310; Pub. L. 91–616, title IV, § 401, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1853; Pub. L. 92–157, title III, § 301(b), Nov. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 463; Pub. L. 92–218, § 6(a)(1), Dec. 23, 1971, 85 Stat. 785; Pub. L. 92–255, title V, § 502(a), Mar. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 85; Pub. L. 92–423, § 7(a), Sept. 19, 1972, 86 Stat. 687; Pub. L. 93–348, title II, § 211(a), July 12, 1974, 88 Stat. 351; Pub. L. 94–63, title IV, § 401(b), July 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 341; Pub. L. 94–371, § 9, July 26, 1976, 90 Stat. 1040; Pub. L. 95–622, title III, § 302(b), Nov. 9, 1978, 92 Stat. 3442; Pub. L. 95–626, title I, § 102(b)(1), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3551; Pub. L. 96–180, § 13, Jan. 2, 1980, 93 Stat. 1304; Pub. L. 96–181, § 14, Jan. 2, 1980, 93 Stat. 1315; Pub. L. 98–24, § 2(a)(2), Apr. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 176; Pub. L. 98–509, title III, § 302, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2364; Pub. L. 99–158, § 3(a)(2), (3), Nov. 20, 1985, 99 Stat. 878, 879; Pub. L. 99–570, title IV, § 4004(c), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–111; Pub. L. 99–660, title III, § 311(b)(1), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3779; Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(a)(227), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4330.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 218

§ 218a. Training of officers
(a) In general
(b) Voluntary separation within period subsequent to attendance
(c) Training in leave without pay status
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 218, as added Feb. 28, 1948, ch. 83, § 8, 62 Stat. 47; amended Apr. 27, 1956, ch. 211, § 6, 70 Stat. 117; Pub. L. 96–76, title III, § 310, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 585; Pub. L. 105–392, title IV, § 402(b), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3588.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 218a

§§ 219 to 224. Transferred

CITE AS: 42 USC 219 to 224

§ 225. Repealed. July 12, 1955, ch. 328, § 5(4), 69 Stat. 296

CITE AS: 42 USC 225

§§ 225a to 227. Transferred

CITE AS: 42 USC 225a to 227

§ 227a. Omitted

CITE AS: 42 USC 227a

§§ 228 to 229d. Transferred

CITE AS: 42 USC 228 to 229d

§ 230. Repealed. Apr. 27, 1956, ch. 211, § 5(e), 70 Stat. 117

CITE AS: 42 USC 230

§ 231. Service and supply fund; uses; reimbursement

A service and supply fund of $250,000 is established, without fiscal year limitation, for the payment of salaries, travel, and other expenses necessary to the maintenance and operation of (1) a supply service for the purchase, storage, handling, issuance, packing, or shipping of stationery, supplies, materials, equipment, and blank forms, for which stocks may be maintained to meet, in whole or in part, requirements of the Public Health Service and requisitions of other Government Offices, and (2) such other services as the Surgeon General, with the approval of the Secretary of Health and Human Services, determines may be performed more advantageously as central services; 1

1 See HHS Services and Supply Fund note below.
said fund to be reimbursed from applicable appropriations or funds available when services are performed or stock furnished, or in advance, on a basis of rates which shall include estimated or actual charges for personal services, materials, equipment (including maintenance, repairs, and depreciation), and other expenses.

(July 3, 1945, ch. 263, title II, 59 Stat. 370; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§ 5, 8 eff. Apr. 11, 1953, 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; Pub. L. 96–88, title V, § 509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695; Pub. L. 97–414, § 9(i), Jan. 4, 1983, 96 Stat. 2064.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 231

§ 232. National Institute of Mental Health; authorization of appropriation; construction; location

There is authorized to be appropriated a sum not to exceed $7,500,000 for the erection and equipment, for the use of the Public Health Service in carrying out the provisions of this Act, of suitable and adequate hospital buildings and facilities, including necessary living quarters for personnel, and of suitable and adequate laboratory buildings and facilities, and such buildings and facilities shall be known as the National Institute of Mental Health. The Administrator of General Services is authorized to acquire, by purchase, condemnation, donation, or otherwise, a suitable and adequate site or sites, selected on the advice of the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, in or near the District of Columbia for such buildings and facilities, and to erect thereon, furnish, and equip such buildings and facilities. The amount authorized to be appropriated in this section shall include the cost of preparation of drawings and specifications, supervision of construction, and other administrative expenses incident to the work: Provided, That the Administrator of General Services shall prepare the plans and specifications, make all necessary contracts, and supervise construction.

(July 3, 1946, ch. 538, § 11, 60 Stat. 425; June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title I, § 103(a), 63 Stat. 380.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 232

§ 233. Civil actions or proceedings against commissioned officers or employees
(a) Exclusiveness of remedy
(b) Attorney General to defend action or proceeding; delivery of process to designated official; furnishing of copies of pleading and process to United States attorney, Attorney General, and Secretary
(c) Removal to United States district court; procedure; proceeding upon removal deemed a tort action against United States; hearing on motion to remand to determine availability of remedy against United States; remand to State court or dismissal
(d) Compromise or settlement of claim by Attorney General
(e) Assault or battery
(f) Authority of Secretary or designee to hold harmless or provide liability insurance for assigned or detailed employees
(g) Exclusivity of remedy against United States for entities deemed Public Health Service employees; coverage for services furnished to individuals other than center patients; application process; subrogation of medical malpractice claims; applicable period; entity and contractor defined
(1)
(A) For purposes of this section and subject to the approval by the Secretary of an application under subparagraph (D), an entity described in paragraph (4), and any officer, governing board member, or employee of such an entity, and any contractor of such an entity who is a physician or other licensed or certified health care practitioner (subject to paragraph (5)), shall be deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service for a calendar year that begins during a fiscal year for which a transfer was made under subsection (k)(3) (subject to paragraph (3)). The remedy against the United States for an entity described in paragraph (4) and any officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor (subject to paragraph (5)) of such an entity who is deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service pursuant to this paragraph shall be exclusive of any other civil action or proceeding to the same extent as the remedy against the United States is exclusive pursuant to subsection (a).
(B) The deeming of any entity or officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity to be an employee of the Public Health Service for purposes of this section shall apply with respect to services provided—
(i) to all patients of the entity, and
(ii) subject to subparagraph (C), to individuals who are not patients of the entity.
(C) Subparagraph (B)(ii) applies to services provided to individuals who are not patients of an entity if the Secretary determines, after reviewing an application submitted under subparagraph (D), that the provision of the services to such individuals—
(i) benefits patients of the entity and general populations that could be served by the entity through community-wide intervention efforts within the communities served by such entity;
(ii) facilitates the provision of services to patients of the entity; or
(iii) are otherwise required under an employment contract (or similar arrangement) between the entity and an officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity.
(D) The Secretary may not under subparagraph (A) deem an entity or an officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity to be an employee of the Public Health Service for purposes of this section, and may not apply such deeming to services described in subparagraph (B)(ii), unless the entity has submitted an application for such deeming to the Secretary in such form and such manner as the Secretary shall prescribe. The application shall contain detailed information, along with supporting documentation, to verify that the entity, and the officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity, as the case may be, meets the requirements of subparagraphs (B) and (C) of this paragraph and that the entity meets the requirements of paragraphs (1) through (4) of subsection (h).
(E) The Secretary shall make a determination of whether an entity or an officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity is deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service for purposes of this section within 30 days after the receipt of an application under subparagraph (D). The determination of the Secretary that an entity or an officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity is deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service for purposes of this section shall apply for the period specified by the Secretary under subparagraph (A).
(F) Once the Secretary makes a determination that an entity or an officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of an entity is deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service for purposes of this section, the determination shall be final and binding upon the Secretary and the Attorney General and other parties to any civil action or proceeding. Except as provided in subsection (i), the Secretary and the Attorney General may not determine that the provision of services which are the subject of such a determination are not covered under this section.
(G) In the case of an entity described in paragraph (4) that has not submitted an application under subparagraph (D):
(i) The Secretary may not consider the entity in making estimates under subsection (k)(1).
(ii) This section does not affect any authority of the entity to purchase medical malpractice liability insurance coverage with Federal funds provided to the entity under section 254b, 254b, or 256a of this title.1
1 See References in Text notes below.
(H) In the case of an entity described in paragraph (4) for which an application under subparagraph (D) is in effect, the entity may, through notifying the Secretary in writing, elect to terminate the applicability of this subsection to the entity. With respect to such election by the entity:
(i) The election is effective upon the expiration of the 30-day period beginning on the date on which the entity submits such notification.
(ii) Upon taking effect, the election terminates the applicability of this subsection to the entity and each officer, governing board member, employee, and contractor of the entity.
(iii) Upon the effective date for the election, clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (G) apply to the entity to the same extent and in the same manner as such clauses apply to an entity that has not submitted an application under subparagraph (D).
(iv) If after making the election the entity submits an application under subparagraph (D), the election does not preclude the Secretary from approving the application (and thereby restoring the applicability of this subsection to the entity and each officer, governing board member, employee, and contractor of the entity, subject to the provisions of this subsection and the subsequent provisions of this section).
(2) If, with respect to an entity or person deemed to be an employee for purposes of paragraph (1), a cause of action is instituted against the United States pursuant to this section, any claim of the entity or person for benefits under an insurance policy with respect to medical malpractice relating to such cause of action shall be subrogated to the United States.
(3) This subsection shall apply with respect to a cause of action arising from an act or omission which occurs on or after January 1, 1993.
(4) An entity described in this paragraph is a public or non-profit private entity receiving Federal funds under section 254b of this title.
(5) For purposes of paragraph (1), an individual may be considered a contractor of an entity described in paragraph (4) only if—
(A) the individual normally performs on average at least 32½ hours of service per week for the entity for the period of the contract; or
(B) in the case of an individual who normally performs an average of less than 32½ hours of services per week for the entity for the period of the contract, the individual is a licensed or certified provider of services in the fields of family practice, general internal medicine, general pediatrics, or obstetrics and gynecology.
(h) Qualifications for designation as Public Health Service employeeThe Secretary may not approve an application under subsection (g)(1)(D) unless the Secretary determines that the entity—
(1) has implemented appropriate policies and procedures to reduce the risk of malpractice and the risk of lawsuits arising out of any health or health-related functions performed by the entity;
(2) has reviewed and verified the professional credentials, references, claims history, fitness, professional review organization findings, and license status of its physicians and other licensed or certified health care practitioners, and, where necessary, has obtained the permission from these individuals to gain access to this information;
(3) has no history of claims having been filed against the United States as a result of the application of this section to the entity or its officers, employees, or contractors as provided for under this section, or, if such a history exists, has fully cooperated with the Attorney General in defending against any such claims and either has taken, or will take, any necessary corrective steps to assure against such claims in the future; and
(4) will fully cooperate with the Attorney General in providing information relating to an estimate described under subsection (k).
(i) Authority of Attorney General to exclude health care professionals from coverage
(1) Notwithstanding subsection (g)(1), the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary, may on the record determine, after notice and opportunity for a full and fair hearing, that an individual physician or other licensed or certified health care practitioner who is an officer, employee, or contractor of an entity described in subsection (g)(4) shall not be deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service for purposes of this section, if treating such individual as such an employee would expose the Government to an unreasonably high degree of risk of loss because such individual—
(A) does not comply with the policies and procedures that the entity has implemented pursuant to subsection (h)(1);
(B) has a history of claims filed against him or her as provided for under this section that is outside the norm for licensed or certified health care practitioners within the same specialty;
(C) refused to reasonably cooperate with the Attorney General in defending against any such claim;
(D) provided false information relevant to the individual’s performance of his or her duties to the Secretary, the Attorney General, or an applicant for or recipient of funds under this chapter; or
(E) was the subject of disciplinary action taken by a State medical licensing authority or a State or national professional society.
(2) A final determination by the Attorney General under this subsection that an individual physician or other licensed or certified health care professional shall not be deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service shall be effective upon receipt by the entity employing such individual of notice of such determination, and shall apply only to acts or omissions occurring after the date such notice is received.
(j) Remedy for denial of hospital admitting privileges to certain health care providers
(k) Estimate of annual claims by Attorney General; criteria; establishment of fund; transfer of funds to Treasury accounts
(1)
(A) For each fiscal year, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary, shall estimate by the beginning of the year the amount of all claims which are expected to arise under this section (together with related fees and expenses of witnesses) for which payment is expected to be made in accordance with section 1346 and chapter 171 of title 28 from the acts or omissions, during the calendar year that begins during that fiscal year, of entities described in subsection (g)(4) and of officers, employees, or contractors (subject to subsection (g)(5)) of such entities.
(B) The estimate under subparagraph (A) shall take into account—
(i) the value and frequency of all claims for damage for personal injury, including death, resulting from the performance of medical, surgical, dental, or related functions by entities described in subsection (g)(4) or by officers, employees, or contractors (subject to subsection (g)(5)) of such entities who are deemed to be employees of the Public Health Service under subsection (g)(1) that, during the preceding 5-year period, are filed under this section or, with respect to years occurring before this subsection takes effect, are filed against persons other than the United States,
(ii) the amounts paid during that 5-year period on all claims described in clause (i), regardless of when such claims were filed, adjusted to reflect payments which would not be permitted under section 1346 and chapter 171 of title 28, and
(iii) amounts in the fund established under paragraph (2) but unspent from prior fiscal years.
(2) Subject to appropriations, for each fiscal year, the Secretary shall establish a fund of an amount equal to the amount estimated under paragraph (1) that is attributable to entities receiving funds under each of the grant programs described in paragraph (4) of subsection (g), but not to exceed a total of $10,000,000 for each such fiscal year. Appropriations for purposes of this paragraph shall be made separate from appropriations made for purposes of sections 254b, 254b and 256a of this title.1
(3) In order for payments to be made for judgments against the United States (together with related fees and expenses of witnesses) pursuant to this section arising from the acts or omissions of entities described in subsection (g)(4) and of officers, governing board members, employees, or contractors (subject to subsection (g)(5)) of such entities, the total amount contained within the fund established by the Secretary under paragraph (2) for a fiscal year shall be transferred not later than the December 31 that occurs during the fiscal year to the appropriate accounts in the Treasury.
(l) Timely response to filing of action or proceeding
(1) If a civil action or proceeding is filed in a State court against any entity described in subsection (g)(4) or any officer, governing board member, employee, or any contractor of such an entity for damages described in subsection (a), the Attorney General, within 15 days after being notified of such filing, shall make an appearance in such court and advise such court as to whether the Secretary has determined under subsections (g) and (h), that such entity, officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity is deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service for purposes of this section with respect to the actions or omissions that are the subject of such civil action or proceeding. Such advice shall be deemed to satisfy the provisions of subsection (c) that the Attorney General certify that an entity, officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity was acting within the scope of their employment or responsibility.
(2) If the Attorney General fails to appear in State court within the time period prescribed under paragraph (1), upon petition of any entity or officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity named, the civil action or proceeding shall be removed to the appropriate United States district court. The civil action or proceeding shall be stayed in such court until such court conducts a hearing, and makes a determination, as to the appropriate forum or procedure for the assertion of the claim for damages described in subsection (a) and issues an order consistent with such determination.
(m) Application of coverage to managed care plans
(1) An entity or officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of an entity described in subsection (g)(1) shall, for purposes of this section, be deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service with respect to services provided to individuals who are enrollees of a managed care plan if the entity contracts with such managed care plan for the provision of services.
(2) Each managed care plan which enters into a contract with an entity described in subsection (g)(4) shall deem the entity and any officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity as meeting whatever malpractice coverage requirements such plan may require of contracting providers for a calendar year if such entity or officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of the entity has been deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service for purposes of this section for such calendar year. Any plan which is found by the Secretary on the record, after notice and an opportunity for a full and fair hearing, to have violated this subsection shall upon such finding cease, for a period to be determined by the Secretary, to receive and to be eligible to receive any Federal funds under titles XVIII or XIX of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1395 et seq., 1396 et seq.].
(3) For purposes of this subsection, the term “managed care plan” shall mean health maintenance organizations and similar entities that contract at-risk with payors for the provision of health services or plan enrollees and which contract with providers (such as entities described in subsection (g)(4)) for the delivery of such services to plan enrollees.
(n) Report on risk exposure of covered entities
(1) Not later than one year after December 26, 1995, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to the Congress a report on the following:
(A) The medical malpractice liability claims experience of entities that have been deemed to be employees for purposes of this section.
(B) The risk exposure of such entities.
(C) The value of private sector risk-management services, and the value of risk-management services and procedures required as a condition of receiving a grant under section 254b, 254b, or 256a of this title.1
(D) A comparison of the costs and the benefits to taxpayers of maintaining medical malpractice liability coverage for such entities pursuant to this section, taking into account—
(i) a comparison of the costs of premiums paid by such entities for private medical malpractice liability insurance with the cost of coverage pursuant to this section; and
(ii) an analysis of whether the cost of premiums for private medical malpractice liability insurance coverage is consistent with the liability claims experience of such entities.
(2) The report under paragraph (1) shall include the following:
(A) A comparison of—
(i) an estimate of the aggregate amounts that such entities (together with the officers, governing board members, employees, and contractors of such entities who have been deemed to be employees for purposes of this section) would have directly or indirectly paid in premiums to obtain medical malpractice liability insurance coverage if this section were not in effect; with
(ii) the aggregate amounts by which the grants received by such entities under this chapter were reduced pursuant to subsection (k)(2).
(B) A comparison of—
(i) an estimate of the amount of privately offered such insurance that such entities (together with the officers, governing board members, employees, and contractors of such entities who have been deemed to be employees for purposes of this section) purchased during the three-year period beginning on January 1, 1993; with
(ii) an estimate of the amount of such insurance that such entities (together with the officers, governing board members, employees, and contractors of such entities who have been deemed to be employees for purposes of this section) will purchase after December 26, 1995.
(C) An estimate of the medical malpractice liability loss history of such entities for the 10-year period preceding October 1, 1996, including but not limited to the following:
(i) Claims that have been paid and that are estimated to be paid, and legal expenses to handle such claims that have been paid and that are estimated to be paid, by the Federal Government pursuant to deeming entities as employees for purposes of this section.
(ii) Claims that have been paid and that are estimated to be paid, and legal expenses to handle such claims that have been paid and that are estimated to be paid, by private medical malpractice liability insurance.
(D) An analysis of whether the cost of premiums for private medical malpractice liability insurance coverage is consistent with the liability claims experience of entities that have been deemed as employees for purposes of this section.
(3) In preparing the report under paragraph (1), the Comptroller General of the United States shall consult with public and private entities with expertise on the matters with which the report is concerned.
(o) Volunteer services provided by health professionals at free clinics
(1) For purposes of this section, a free clinic health professional shall in providing a qualifying health service to an individual, or an officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of a free clinic shall in providing services for the free clinic, be deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service for a calendar year that begins during a fiscal year for which a transfer was made under paragraph (6)(D). The preceding sentence is subject to the provisions of this subsection.
(2)
(A) The service is provided to the individual at a free clinic, or through offsite programs or events carried out by the free clinic.
(B) The free clinic is sponsoring the health care practitioner pursuant to paragraph (5)(C).
(C) The service is a qualifying health service (as defined in paragraph (4)).
(D) Neither the health care practitioner nor the free clinic receives any compensation for the service from the individual or from any third-party payor (including reimbursement under any insurance policy or health plan, or under any Federal or State health benefits program). With respect to compliance with such condition:
(i) The health care practitioner may receive repayment from the free clinic for reasonable expenses incurred by the health care practitioner in the provision of the service to the individual.
(ii) The free clinic may accept voluntary donations for the provision of the service by the health care practitioner to the individual.
(E) Before the service is provided, the health care practitioner or the free clinic provides written notice to the individual of the extent to which the legal liability of the health care practitioner is limited pursuant to this subsection (or in the case of an emergency, the written notice is provided to the individual as soon after the emergency as is practicable). If the individual is a minor or is otherwise legally incompetent, the condition under this subparagraph is that the written notice be provided to a legal guardian or other person with legal responsibility for the care of the individual.
(F) At the time the service is provided, the health care practitioner is licensed or certified in accordance with applicable law regarding the provision of the service.
(3)
(A) For purposes of this subsection, the term “free clinic” means a health care facility operated by a nonprofit private entity meeting the following requirements:
(i) The entity does not, in providing health services through the facility, accept reimbursement from any third-party payor (including reimbursement under any insurance policy or health plan, or under any Federal or State health benefits program).
(ii) The entity, in providing health services through the facility, either does not impose charges on the individuals to whom the services are provided, or imposes a charge according to the ability of the individual involved to pay the charge.
(iii) The entity is licensed or certified in accordance with applicable law regarding the provision of health services.
(B) With respect to compliance with the conditions under subparagraph (A), the entity involved may accept voluntary donations for the provision of services.
(4) For purposes of this subsection, the term “qualifying health service” means any medical assistance required or authorized to be provided in the program under title XIX of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.], without regard to whether the medical assistance is included in the plan submitted under such program by the State in which the health care practitioner involved provides the medical assistance. References in the preceding sentence to such program shall as applicable be considered to be references to any successor to such program.
(5) Subsection (g) (other than paragraphs (3) through (5)) and subsections (h), (i), and (l) apply to a health care practitioner for purposes of this subsection to the same extent and in the same manner as such subsections apply to an officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of an entity described in subsection (g)(4), subject to paragraph (6) and subject to the following:
(A) The first sentence of paragraph (1) applies in lieu of the first sentence of subsection (g)(1)(A).
(B) This subsection may not be construed as deeming any free clinic to be an employee of the Public Health Service for purposes of this section.
(C) With respect to a free clinic, a health care practitioner is not a free clinic health professional unless the free clinic sponsors the health care practitioner. For purposes of this subsection, the free clinic shall be considered to be sponsoring the health care practitioner if—
(i) with respect to the health care practitioner, the free clinic submits to the Secretary an application meeting the requirements of subsection (g)(1)(D); and
(ii) the Secretary, pursuant to subsection (g)(1)(E), determines that the health care practitioner is deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service.
(D) In the case of a health care practitioner who is determined by the Secretary pursuant to subsection (g)(1)(E) to be a free clinic health professional, this subsection applies to the health care practitioner (with respect to the free clinic sponsoring the health care practitioner pursuant to subparagraph (C)) for any cause of action arising from an act or omission of the health care practitioner occurring on or after the date on which the Secretary makes such determination.
(E) Subsection (g)(1)(F) applies to a health care practitioner for purposes of this subsection only to the extent that, in providing health services to an individual, each of the conditions specified in paragraph (2) is met.
(6)
(A) For purposes of making payments for judgments against the United States (together with related fees and expenses of witnesses) pursuant to this section arising from the acts or omissions of free clinic health professionals, there is authorized to be appropriated $10,000,000 for each fiscal year.
(B) The Secretary shall establish a fund for purposes of this subsection. Each fiscal year amounts appropriated under subparagraph (A) shall be deposited in such fund.
(C) Not later than May 1 of each fiscal year, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary, shall submit to the Congress a report providing an estimate of the amount of claims (together with related fees and expenses of witnesses) that, by reason of the acts or omissions of free clinic health professionals, will be paid pursuant to this section during the calendar year that begins in the following fiscal year. Subsection (k)(1)(B) applies to the estimate under the preceding sentence regarding free clinic health professionals to the same extent and in the same manner as such subsection applies to the estimate under such subsection regarding officers, governing board members, employees, and contractors of entities described in subsection (g)(4).
(D) Not later than December 31 of each fiscal year, the Secretary shall transfer from the fund under subparagraph (B) to the appropriate accounts in the Treasury an amount equal to the estimate made under subparagraph (C) for the calendar year beginning in such fiscal year, subject to the extent of amounts in the fund.
(7)
(A) This subsection takes effect on the date of the enactment of the first appropriations Act that makes an appropriation under paragraph (6)(A), except as provided in subparagraph (B)(i).
(B)
(i) Effective on August 21, 1996—(I) the Secretary may issue regulations for carrying out this subsection, and the Secretary may accept and consider applications submitted pursuant to paragraph (5)(C); and(II) reports under paragraph (6)(C) may be submitted to the Congress.
(ii) For the first fiscal year for which an appropriation is made under subparagraph (A) of paragraph (6), if an estimate under subparagraph (C) of such paragraph has not been made for the calendar year beginning in such fiscal year, the transfer under subparagraph (D) of such paragraph shall be made notwithstanding the lack of the estimate, and the transfer shall be made in an amount equal to the amount of such appropriation.
(p) Administration of smallpox countermeasures by health professionals
(1) In general
(2) Declaration by Secretary concerning countermeasure against smallpox
(A) Authority to issue declaration
(i) In general
(ii) Covered countermeasure
(iii) Effective period
(iv) Publication
(B) Liability of United States only for administrations within scope of declarationExcept as provided in paragraph (5)(B)(ii), the United States shall be liable under this subsection with respect to a claim arising out of the administration of a covered countermeasure to an individual only if—
(i) the countermeasure was administered by a qualified person, for a purpose stated in paragraph (7)(A)(i), and during the effective period of a declaration by the Secretary under subparagraph (A) with respect to such countermeasure; and
(ii)(I) the individual was within a category of individuals covered by the declaration; or(II) the qualified person administering the countermeasure had reasonable grounds to believe that such individual was within such category.
(C) Presumption of administration within scope of declaration in case of accidental vaccinia inoculation
(i) In generalIf vaccinia vaccine is a covered countermeasure specified in a declaration under subparagraph (A), and an individual to whom the vaccinia vaccine is not administered contracts vaccinia, then, under the circumstances specified in clause (ii), the individual—(I) shall be rebuttably presumed to have contracted vaccinia from an individual to whom such vaccine was administered as provided by clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (B); and(II) shall (unless such presumption is rebutted) be deemed for purposes of this subsection to be an individual to whom a covered countermeasure was administered by a qualified person in accordance with the terms of such declaration and as described by subparagraph (B).
(ii) Circumstances in which presumption appliesThe presumption and deeming stated in clause (i) shall apply if—(I) the individual contracts vaccinia during the effective period of a declaration under subparagraph (A) or by the date 30 days after the close of such period; or(II) the individual has resided with, or has had contact with, an individual to whom such vaccine was administered as provided by clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (B) and contracts vaccinia after such date.
(D) Acts and omissions deemed to be within scope of employment
(i) In generalIn the case of a claim arising out of alleged transmission of vaccinia from an individual described in clause (ii), acts or omissions by such individual shall be deemed to have been taken within the scope of such individual’s office or employment for purposes of—(I) subsection (a); and(II) section 1346(b) and chapter 171 of title 28.
(ii) Individuals to whom deeming appliesAn individual is described by this clause if—(I) vaccinia vaccine was administered to such individual as provided by subparagraph (B); and(II) such individual was within a category of individuals covered by a declaration under subparagraph (A)(i).
(3) Exhaustion; exclusivity; offset
(A) Exhaustion
(i) In general
(ii) Tolling of statute of limitations
(iii) Construction
(B) Exclusivity
(C) Offset
(4) Certification of action by Attorney GeneralSubsection (c) applies to actions under this subsection, subject to the following provisions:
(A) Nature of certification
(B) Certification of Attorney General conclusive
(5) Covered person to cooperate with United States
(A) In general
(B) Consequences of failure to cooperateUpon the motion of the United States or any other party and upon finding that such person has failed to so cooperate—
(i) the court shall substitute such person as the party defendant in place of the United States and, upon motion, shall remand any such suit to the court in which it was instituted if it appears that the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction;
(ii) the United States shall not be liable based on the acts or omissions of such person; and
(iii) the Attorney General shall not be obligated to defend such action.
(6) Recourse against covered person in case of gross misconduct or contract violation
(A) In general
(B) Venue
(7) DefinitionsAs used in this subsection, terms have the following meanings:
(A) Covered countermeasureThe term “covered countermeasure” or “covered countermeasure against smallpox”, means a substance that is—
(i)(I) used to prevent or treat smallpox (including the vaccinia or another vaccine); or(II) used to control or treat the adverse effects of vaccinia inoculation or of administration of another covered countermeasure; and
(ii) specified in a declaration under paragraph (2).
(B) Covered personThe term “covered person”, when used with respect to the administration of a covered countermeasure, means a person who is—
(i) a manufacturer or distributor of such countermeasure;
(ii) a health care entity under whose auspices—(I) such countermeasure was administered;(II) a determination was made as to whether, or under what circumstances, an individual should receive a covered countermeasure;(III) the immediate site of administration on the body of a covered countermeasure was monitored, managed, or cared for; or(IV) an evaluation was made of whether the administration of a countermeasure was effective;
(iii) a qualified person who administered such countermeasure;
(iv) a State, a political subdivision of a State, or an agency or official of a State or of such a political subdivision, if such State, subdivision, agency, or official has established requirements, provided policy guidance, supplied technical or scientific advice or assistance, or otherwise supervised or administered a program with respect to administration of such countermeasures;
(v) in the case of a claim arising out of alleged transmission of vaccinia from an individual—(I) the individual who allegedly transmitted the vaccinia, if vaccinia vaccine was administered to such individual as provided by paragraph (2)(B) and such individual was within a category of individuals covered by a declaration under paragraph (2)(A)(i); or(II) an entity that employs an individual described by clause (I) 2
2 So in original. Probably should be “subclause”.
or where such individual has privileges or is otherwise authorized to provide health care;
(vi) an official, agent, or employee of a person described in clause (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv);
(vii) a contractor of, or a volunteer working for, a person described in clause (i), (ii), or (iv), if the contractor or volunteer performs a function for which a person described in clause (i), (ii), or (iv) is a covered person; or
(viii) an individual who has privileges or is otherwise authorized to provide health care under the auspices of an entity described in clause (ii) or (v)(II).
(C) Qualified personThe term “qualified person”, when used with respect to the administration of a covered countermeasure, means a licensed health professional or other individual who—
(i) is authorized to administer such countermeasure under the law of the State in which the countermeasure was administered; or
(ii) is otherwise authorized by the Secretary to administer such countermeasure.
(D) Arising out of administration of a covered countermeasureThe term “arising out of administration of a covered countermeasure”, when used with respect to a claim or liability, includes a claim or liability arising out of—
(i) determining whether, or under what conditions, an individual should receive a covered countermeasure;
(ii) obtaining informed consent of an individual to the administration of a covered countermeasure;
(iii) monitoring, management, or care of an immediate site of administration on the body of a covered countermeasure, or evaluation of whether the administration of the countermeasure has been effective; or
(iv) transmission of vaccinia virus by an individual to whom vaccinia vaccine was administered as provided by paragraph (2)(B).
(q) Health professional volunteers at public or non-profit private entities
(1) For purposes of this section, a health professional volunteer at a deemed entity described in subsection (g)(4) shall, in providing a health professional service eligible for funding under section 254b of this title to an individual, be deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service for a calendar year that begins during a fiscal year for which a transfer was made under paragraph (4)(C). The preceding sentence is subject to the provisions of this subsection.
(2) In providing a health service to an individual, a health care practitioner shall for purposes of this subsection be considered to be a health professional volunteer at an entity described in subsection (g)(4) if the following conditions are met:
(A) The service is provided to the individual at the facilities of an entity described in subsection (g)(4), or through offsite programs or events carried out by the entity.
(B) The entity is sponsoring the health care practitioner pursuant to paragraph (3)(B).
(C) The health care practitioner does not receive any compensation for the service from the individual, the entity described in subsection (g)(4), or any third-party payer (including reimbursement under any insurance policy or health plan, or under any Federal or State health benefits program), except that the health care practitioner may receive repayment from the entity described in subsection (g)(4) for reasonable expenses incurred by the health care practitioner in the provision of the service to the individual, which may include travel expenses to or from the site of services.
(D) Before the service is provided, the health care practitioner or the entity described in subsection (g)(4) posts a clear and conspicuous notice at the site where the service is provided of the extent to which the legal liability of the health care practitioner is limited pursuant to this subsection.
(E) At the time the service is provided, the health care practitioner is licensed or certified in accordance with applicable Federal and State laws regarding the provision of the service.
(F) At the time the service is provided, the entity described in subsection (g)(4) maintains relevant documentation certifying that the health care practitioner meets the requirements of this subsection.
(3) Subsection (g) (other than paragraphs (3) and (5)) and subsections (h), (i), and (l) apply to a health care practitioner for purposes of this subsection to the same extent and in the same manner as such subsections apply to an officer, governing board member, employee, or contractor of an entity described in subsection (g)(4), subject to paragraph (4), and subject to the following:
(A) The first sentence of paragraph (1) applies in lieu of the first sentence of subsection (g)(1)(A).
(B) With respect to an entity described in subsection (g)(4), a health care practitioner is not a health professional volunteer at such entity unless the entity sponsors the health care practitioner. For purposes of this subsection, the entity shall be considered to be sponsoring the health care practitioner if—
(i) with respect to the health care practitioner, the entity submits to the Secretary an application meeting the requirements of subsection (g)(1)(D); and
(ii) the Secretary, pursuant to subsection (g)(1)(E), determines that the health care practitioner is deemed to be an employee of the Public Health Service.
(C) In the case of a health care practitioner who is determined by the Secretary pursuant to subsection (g)(1)(E) to be a health professional volunteer at such entity, this subsection applies to the health care practitioner (with respect to services performed on behalf of the entity sponsoring the health care practitioner pursuant to subparagraph (B)) for any cause of action arising from an act or omission of the health care practitioner occurring on or after the date on which the Secretary makes such determination.
(D) Subsection (g)(1)(F) applies to a health care practitioner for purposes of this subsection only to the extent that, in providing health services to an individual, each of the conditions specified in paragraph (2) is met.
(4)
(A) Amounts in the fund established under subsection (k)(2) shall be available for transfer under subparagraph (C) for purposes of carrying out this subsection.
(B)
(i) Not later than May 1 of each fiscal year, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary, shall submit to the Congress a report providing an estimate of the amount of claims (together with related fees and expenses of witnesses) that, by reason of the acts or omissions of health professional volunteers, will be paid pursuant to this section during the calendar year that begins in the following fiscal year.
(ii) Subsection (k)(1)(B) applies to the estimate under clause (i) regarding health professional volunteers to the same extent and in the same manner as such subsection applies to the estimate under such subsection regarding officers, governing board members, employees, and contractors of entities described in subsection (g)(4).
(iii) The report shall include a summary of the data relied upon for the estimate in clause (i), including the number of claims filed and paid from the previous calendar year.
(C) Not later than December 31 of each fiscal year, the Secretary shall transfer from the fund under subsection (k)(2) to the appropriate accounts in the Treasury an amount equal to the estimate made under subparagraph (B) for the calendar year beginning in such fiscal year, subject to the extent of amounts in the fund.
(5)
(A) This subsection shall take effect on October 1, 2017, except as provided in subparagraph (B).
(B) Effective on December 13, 2016—
(i) the Secretary may issue regulations for carrying out this subsection, and the Secretary may accept and consider applications submitted pursuant to paragraph (3)(B); and
(ii) reports under paragraph (4)(B) may be submitted to Congress.
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 224, formerly § 223, as added Pub. L. 91–623, § 4, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1870; renumbered § 224, Pub. L. 92–157, title III, § 301(c), Nov. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 463; amended Pub. L. 102–501, §§ 2–4, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3268–3270; Pub. L. 103–183, title VII, § 706(a), Dec. 14, 1993, 107 Stat. 2241; Pub. L. 104–73, §§ 2–5(b), 6–11, Dec. 26, 1995, 109 Stat. 777–781; Pub. L. 104–191, title I, § 194, Aug. 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1988; Pub. L. 104–299, § 4(a)(1), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3644; Pub. L. 107–251, title VI, § 601(a), Oct. 26, 2002, 116 Stat. 1664; Pub. L. 107–296, title III, § 304(c), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2165; Pub. L. 108–20, § 3(a)–(i), Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 646–648; Pub. L. 108–163, § 2(m)(1), Dec. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 2023; Pub. L. 111–148, title X, § 10608(a), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 1014; Pub. L. 114–255, div. B, title IX, § 9025, Dec. 13, 2016, 130 Stat. 1254; Pub. L. 117–180, div. D, title III, § 301, Sept. 30, 2022, 136 Stat. 2136.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 233

§ 234. Health care professionals assisting during a public health emergency
(a) Limitation on liabilityNotwithstanding any other provision of law, a health care professional who is a member of the Medical Reserve Corps under section 300hh–15 of this title or who is included in the Emergency System for Advance Registration of Volunteer Health Professionals under section 247d–7b of this title and who—
(1) is responding—
(A) to a public health emergency determined under section 247d(a) of this title, during the initial period of not more than 90 days (as determined by the Secretary) of the public health emergency determination (excluding any period covered by a renewal of such determination); or
(B) to a major disaster or an emergency as declared by the President under section 5170 of this title or under section 1621 of title 50 during the initial period of such declaration;
(2) is alleged to be liable for an act or omission—
(A) during the initial period of a determination or declaration described in paragraph (1) and related to the treatment of individuals in need of health care services due to such public health emergency, major disaster, or emergency;
(B) in the State or States for which such determination or declaration is made;
(C) in the health care professional’s capacity as a member of the Medical Reserve Corps or a professional included in the Emergency System for Advance Registration of Volunteer Health Professionals under section 247d–7b of this title; and
(D) in the course of providing services that are within the scope of the license, registration, or certification of the professional, as defined by the State of licensure, registration, or certification; and
(3) prior to the rendering of such act or omission, was authorized by the State’s authorization of deploying such State’s Emergency System for Advance Registration of Volunteer Health Professionals described in section 247d–7b of this title or the Medical Reserve Corps established under section 300hh–15 of this title, to provide health care services,
shall be subject only to the State liability laws of the State in which such act or omission occurred, in the same manner and to the same extent as a similar health care professional who is a resident of such State would be subject to such State laws, except with respect to the licensure, registration, and certification of such individual.
(b) Volunteer Protection Act
(c) Preemption
(d) DefinitionsIn this section:
(1) The term “health care professional” means an individual licensed, registered, or certified under Federal or State laws or regulations to provide health care services.
(2) The term “health care services” means any services provided by a health care professional, or by any individual working under the supervision of a health care professional, that relate to—
(A) the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of any human disease or impairment; or
(B) the assessment or care of the health of human beings.
(e) Effective date
(1) In general
(2) Application
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 225, as added Pub. L. 116–22, title II, § 208(a), June 24, 2019, 133 Stat. 927.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 234

§ 235. Administration of grants in multigrant proj­ects; promulgation of regulations
(1) under which the administrative functions under such programs with respect to such project will be performed by a single administrative unit which is the administrative unit charged with the administration of any of such programs or is the administrative unit charged with the supervision of two or more of such programs;
(2) designed to reduce the number of applications, reports, and other materials required under such programs to be submitted with respect to such project, and otherwise to simplify, consolidate, and make uniform (to the extent feasible), the data and information required to be contained in such applications, reports, and other materials; and
(3) under which inconsistent or duplicative requirements imposed by such programs will be revised and made uniform with respect to such project;
except that nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize the Secretary to waive or suspend, with respect to any such project, any requirement with respect to any of such programs if such requirement is imposed by law or by any regulation required by law.
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 226, formerly title III, § 310A, as added Pub. L. 91–515, title II, § 270, Oct. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1306; amended Pub. L. 92–157, title II, § 201, Nov. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 461; renumbered § 226, Pub. L. 93–353, title I, § 102(e), July 23, 1974, 88 Stat. 362.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 235

§ 236. Orphan Products Board
(a) Establishment; composition; chairman
(b) Function
(c) Duties with respect to drugs for rare diseases or conditionsIn the case of drugs for rare diseases or conditions the Board shall—
(1) evaluate—
(A) the effect of subchapter B of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 360aa et seq.] on the development of such drugs, and
(B) the implementation of such subchapter; 1
1 So in original. The semicolon probably should be a comma.
(2) evaluate the activities of the National Institutes of Health for the development of drugs for such diseases or conditions,
(3) assure appropriate coordination among the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the carrying out of their respective functions relating to the development of drugs for such diseases or conditions to assure that the activities of each agency are complementary,
(4) assure appropriate coordination among all interested Federal agencies, manufacturers, and organizations representing patients, in their activities relating to such drugs,
(5) with the consent of the sponsor of a drug for a rare disease or condition exempt under section 505(i) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 355(i)] or regulations issued under such section, inform physicians and the public respecting the availability of such drug for such disease or condition and inform physicians and the public respecting the availability of drugs approved under section 505(c) of such Act [21 U.S.C. 355(c)] or licensed under section 262 of this title for rare diseases or conditions,
(6) seek business entities and others to undertake the sponsorship of drugs for rare diseases or conditions, seek investigators to facilitate the development of such drugs, and seek business entities to participate in the distribution of such drugs, and
(7) recognize the efforts of public and private entities and individuals in seeking the development of drugs for rare diseases or conditions and in developing such drugs.
(d) Consultation
(e) Annual report; contentsThe Board shall submit to the Committee on Labor and Human Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives an annual report—
(1) identifying the drugs which have been designated under section 526 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 360bb] for a rare disease or condition,
(2) describing the activities of the Board, and
(3) containing the results of the evaluations carried out by the Board.
The Director of the National Institutes of Health shall submit to the Board for inclusion in the annual report a report on the rare disease and condition research activities of the Institutes of the National Institutes of Health; the Secretary of the Treasury shall submit to the Board for inclusion in the annual report a report on the use of the credit against tax provided by section 44H 2
2 See References in Text note below.
of title 26; and the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall submit to the Board for inclusion in the annual report a report on the program of assistance under section 360ee of title 21 for the development of drugs for rare diseases and conditions. Each annual report shall be submitted by June 1 of each year for the preceding calendar year.
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 227, as added Pub. L. 97–414, § 3, Jan. 4, 1983, 96 Stat. 2051; amended Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 102–321, title I, § 163(b)(1), July 10, 1992, 106 Stat. 375; Pub. L. 102–531, title III, § 312(d)(1), Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3504.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 236

§ 237. Silvio O. Conte Senior Biomedical Research and Biomedical Product Assessment Service
(a) Creation; number of members
(1) There shall be in the Public Health Service a Silvio O. Conte Senior Biomedical Research and Biomedical Product Assessment Service (in this section referred to as the “Service”), not to exceed 2,000 members, the purpose of which is to recruit and retain outstanding and qualified scientific and technical experts in the fields of biomedical research, clinical research evaluation, and biomedical product assessment.
(2) The authority established in paragraph (1) may not be construed to require the Secretary to reduce the number of employees serving under any other employment system in order to offset the number of members serving in the Service.
(3) The Secretary shall assign experts under this section to agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services taking into account the need for the expertise of such expert.
(b) Appointments; qualifications; provisions inapplicable to members
(c) Performance appraisal system
The Secretary shall develop a performance appraisal system designed to—
(1) provide for the systematic appraisal of the performance of members, and
(2) encourage excellence in performance by members.
(d) Pay of members
(1) The Secretary shall determine, subject to the provisions of this subsection, the pay of members of the Service.
(2) The pay of a member of the Service shall not be less than the minimum rate payable for GS–15 of the General Schedule and shall not exceed the amount of annual compensation (excluding expenses) specified in section 102 of title 3.
(e) Career and noncareer appointment of certain individuals
(f) Rules and regulations
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 228, as added Pub. L. 101–509, title V, § 529 [title III, § 304(a)], Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1427, 1463; amended Pub. L. 103–43, title XX, § 2001, June 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 208; Pub. L. 114–255, div. A, title III, § 3071(a), Dec. 13, 2016, 130 Stat. 1133.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 237

§ 237a. Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health
(a) Establishment of Office
(b) DutiesThe Secretary, acting through the Office, with respect to the health concerns of women, shall—
(1) establish short-range and long-range goals and objectives within the Department of Health and Human Services and, as relevant and appropriate, coordinate with other appropriate offices on activities within the Department that relate to disease prevention, health promotion, service delivery, research, and public and health care professional education, for issues of particular concern to women throughout their lifespan; 1
1 So in original. Probably should be “lifespans;”.
(2) provide expert advice and consultation to the Secretary concerning scientific, legal, ethical, and policy issues relating to women’s health;
(3) monitor the Department of Health and Human Services’ offices, agencies, and regional activities regarding women’s health and identify needs regarding the coordination of activities, including intramural and extramural multidisciplinary activities;
(4) establish a Department of Health and Human Services Coordinating Committee on Women’s Health, which shall be chaired by the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Women’s Health and composed of senior level representatives from each of the agencies and offices of the Department of Health and Human Services;
(5) establish a National Women’s Health Information Center to—
(A) facilitate the exchange of information regarding matters relating to health information, health promotion, preventive health services, research advances, and education in the appropriate use of health care;
(B) facilitate access to such information;
(C) assist in the analysis of issues and problems relating to the matters described in this paragraph; and
(D) provide technical assistance with respect to the exchange of information (including facilitating the development of materials for such technical assistance);
(6) coordinate efforts to promote women’s health programs and policies with the private sector; and
(7) through publications and any other means appropriate, provide for the exchange of information between the Office and recipients of grants, contracts, and agreements under subsection (c), and between the Office and health professionals and the general public.
(c) Grants and contracts regarding duties
(1) Authority
(2) Evaluation and dissemination
(d) Reports
(e) Authorization of appropriations
(July 1, 1944, ch. 373, title II, § 229, as added Pub. L. 111–148, title III, § 3509(a)(1), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 531.)

CITE AS: 42 USC 237a