Collapse to view only § 2612. Regulations
- § 2601. Definitions
- § 2602. Agreements to implement Article 9 of the convention
- § 2603. Emergency implementation of import restrictions
- § 2604. Designation of materials covered by agreements or emergency actions
- § 2605. Cultural Property Advisory Committee
- § 2606. Import restrictions
- § 2607. Stolen cultural property
- § 2608. Temporary disposition of materials and articles subject to this chapter
- § 2609. Seizure and forfeiture
- § 2610. Evidentiary requirements
- § 2611. Certain material and articles exempt from this chapter
- § 2612. Regulations
- § 2613. Enforcement
§ 2601. DefinitionsFor purposes of this chapter—
(1) The term “agreement” includes any amendment to, or extension of, any agreement under this chapter that enters into force with respect to the United States.
(2)
(A) any object of archaeological interest;
(B) any object of ethnological interest; or
(C) any fragment or part of any object referred to in subparagraph (A) or (B);
which was first discovered within, and is subject to export control by, the State Party. For purposes of this paragraph—
(i) no object may be considered to be an object of archaeological interest unless such object—(I) is of cultural significance;(II) is at least two hundred and fifty years old; and(III) was normally discovered as a result of scientific excavation, clandestine or accidental digging, or exploration on land or under water; and
(ii) no object may be considered to be an object of ethnological interest unless such object is—(I) the product of a tribal or nonindustrial society, and(II) important to the cultural heritage of a people because of its distinctive characteristics, comparative rarity, or its contribution to the knowledge of the origins, development, or history of that people.
(3) The term “Committee” means the Cultural Property Advisory Committee established under section 2605 of this title.
(4) The term “consignee” means a consignee as defined in section 1483 1
1 See References in Text note below.
of this title.(5) The term “Convention” means the Convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export, and transfer of ownership of cultural property adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization at its sixteenth session.
(6) The term “cultural property” includes articles described in article 1(a) through (k) of the Convention whether or not any such article is specifically designated as such by any State Party for the purposes of such article.
(7) The term “designated archaeological or ethnological material” means any archaeological or ethnological material of the State Party which—
(A) is—
(i) covered by an agreement under this chapter that enters into force with respect to the United States, or
(ii) subject to emergency action under section 2603 of this title, and
(B) is listed by regulation under section 2604 of this title.
(8) The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate.
(9) The term “State Party” means any nation which has ratified, accepted, or acceded to the Convention.
(10) The term “United States” includes the several States, the District of Columbia, and any territory or area the foreign relations for which the United States is responsible.
(11) The term “United States citizen” means—
(A) any individual who is a citizen or national of the United States;
(B) any corporation, partnership, association, or other legal entity organized or existing under the laws of the United States or any State; or
(C) any department, agency, or entity of the Federal Government or of any government of any State.
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 302, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2351.)
§ 2602. Agreements to implement Article 9 of the convention
(a) Agreement authority
(1) In generalIf the President determines, after request is made to the United States under article 9 of the Convention by any State Party—
(A) that the cultural patrimony of the State Party is in jeopardy from the pillage of archaeological or ethnological materials of the State Party;
(B) that the State Party has taken measures consistent with the Convention to protect its cultural patrimony;
(C) that—
(i) the application of the import restrictions set forth in section 2606 of this title with respect to archaeological or ethnological material of the State Party, if applied in concert with similar restrictions implemented, or to be implemented within a reasonable period of time, by those nations (whether or not State Parties) individually having a significant import trade in such material, would be of substantial benefit in deterring a serious situation of pillage, and
(ii) remedies less drastic than the application of the restrictions set forth in such section are not available; and
(D) that the application of the import restrictions set forth in section 2606 of this title in the particular circumstances is consistent with the general interest of the international community in the interchange of cultural property among nations for scientific, cultural, and educational purposes;
the President may, subject to the provisions of this chapter, take the actions described in paragraph (2).
(2) Authority of PresidentFor purposes of paragraph (1), the President may enter into—
(A) a bilateral agreement with the State Party to apply the import restrictions set forth in section 2606 of this title to the archaeological or ethnological material of the State Party the pillage of which is creating the jeopardy to the cultural patrimony of the State Party found to exist under paragraph (1)(A); or
(B) a multilateral agreement with the State Party and with one or more other nations (whether or not a State Party) under which the United States will apply such restrictions, and the other nations will apply similar restrictions, with respect to such material.
(3) Requests
(4) Implementation
(b) Effective period
(c) Restrictions on entering into agreements
(1) In general
(2) Exception to restrictionsNotwithstanding paragraph (1), the President may enter into an agreement if he determines that a nation individually having a significant import trade in such material is not implementing, or is not likely to implement, similar restrictions, but—
(A) such restrictions are not essential to deter a serious situation of pillage, and
(B) the application of the import restrictions set forth in section 2606 of this title in concert with similar restrictions implemented, or to be implemented, by other nations (whether or not State Parties) individually having a significant import trade in such material would be of substantial benefit in deterring a serious situation of pillage.
(d) Suspension of import restrictions under agreementsIf, after an agreement enters into force with respect to the United States, the President determines that a number of parties to the agreement (other than parties described in subsection (c)(2)) having significant import trade in the archaeological and ethnological material covered by the agreement—
(1) have not implemented within a reasonable period of time import restrictions that are similar to those set forth in section 2606 of this title, or
(2) are not implementing such restrictions satisfactorily with the result that no substantial benefit in deterring a serious situation of pillage in the State Party concerned is being obtained,
the President shall suspend the implementation of the import restrictions under section 2606 of this title until such time as the nations take appropriate corrective action.
(e) Extension of agreementsThe President may extend any agreement that enters into force with respect to the United States for additional periods of not more than five years each if the President determines that—
(1) the factors referred to in subsection (a)(1) which justified the entering into of the agreement still pertain, and
(2) no cause for suspension under subsection (d) exists.
(f) ProceduresIf any request described in subsection (a) is made by a State Party, or if the President proposes to extend any agreement under subsection (e), the President shall—
(1) publish notification of the request or proposal in the Federal Register;
(2) submit to the Committee such information regarding the request or proposal (including, if applicable, information from the State Party with respect to the implementation of emergency action under section 2603 of this title) as is appropriate to enable the Committee to carry out its duties under section 2605(f) of this title; and
(3) consider, in taking action on the request or proposal, the views and recommendations contained in any Committee report—
(A) required under section 2605(f)(1) or (2) of this title, and
(B) submitted to the President before the close of the one-hundred-and-fifty-day period beginning on the day on which the President submitted information on the request or proposal to the Committee under paragraph (2).
(g) Information on Presidential action
(1) In generalIn any case in which the President—
(A) enters into or extends an agreement pursuant to subsection (a) or (e), or
(B) applies import restrictions under section 2603 of this title,
the President shall, promptly after taking such action, submit a report to the Congress.
(2) ReportThe report under paragraph (1) shall contain—
(A) a description of such action (including the text of any agreement entered into),
(B) the differences (if any) between such action and the views and recommendations contained in any Committee report which the President was required to consider, and
(C) the reasons for any such difference.
(3) Information relating to committee recommendations
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 303, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2352.)
§ 2603. Emergency implementation of import restrictions
(a) “Emergency condition” defined
For purposes of this section, the term “emergency condition” means, with respect to any archaeological or ethnological material of any State Party, that such material is—
(1) a newly discovered type of material which is of importance for the understanding of the history of mankind and is in jeopardy from pillage, dismantling, dispersal, or fragmentation;
(2) identifiable as coming from any site recognized to be of high cultural significance if such site is in jeopardy from pillage, dismantling, dispersal, or fragmentation which is, or threatens to be, of crisis proportions; or
(3) a part of the remains of a particular culture or civilization, the record of which is in jeopardy from pillage, dismantling, dispersal, or fragmentation which is, or threatens to be, of crisis proportions;
and application of the import restrictions set forth in section 2606 of this title on a temporary basis would, in whole or in part, reduce the incentive for such pillage, dismantling, dispersal or fragmentation.
(b) Presidential action
(c) Limitations
(1) The President may not implement this section with respect to the archaeological or ethnological materials of any State Party unless the State Party has made a request described in section 2602(a) of this title to the United States and has supplied information which supports a determination that an emergency condition exists.
(2) In taking action under subsection (b) with respect to any State Party, the President shall consider the views and recommendations contained in the Committee report required under section 2605(f)(3) of this title if the report is submitted to the President before the close of the ninety-day period beginning on the day on which the President submitted information to the Committee under section 2602(f)(2) of this title on the request of the State Party under section 2602(a) of this title.
(3) No import restrictions set forth in section 2606 of this title may be applied under this section to the archaeological or ethnological materials of any State Party for more than five years after the date on which the request of a State Party under section 2602(a) of this title is made to the United States. This period may be extended by the President for three more years if the President determines that the emergency condition continues to apply with respect to the archaeological or ethnological material. However, before taking such action, the President shall request and consider, if received within ninety days, a report of the Committee setting forth its recommendations, together with the reasons therefor, as to whether such import restrictions shall be extended.
(4) The import restrictions under this section may continue to apply in whole or in part, if before their expiration under paragraph (3), there has entered into force with respect to the archaeological or ethnological materials an agreement under section 2602 of this title or an agreement with a State Party to which the Senate has given its advice and consent to ratification. Such import restrictions may continue to apply for the duration of the agreement.
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 304, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2354.)
§ 2604. Designation of materials covered by agreements or emergency actions
After any agreement enters into force under section 2602 of this title, or emergency action is taken under section 2603 of this title, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall by regulation promulgate (and when appropriate shall revise) a list of the archaeological or ethnological material of the State Party covered by the agreement or by such action. The Secretary may list such material by type or other appropriate classification, but each listing made under this section shall be sufficiently specific and precise to insure that (1) the import restrictions under section 2606 of this title are applied only to the archeological and ethnological material covered by the agreement or emergency action; and (2) fair notice is given to importers and other persons as to what material is subject to such restrictions.
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 305, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2355; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIII, § 1335(d), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–788; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1007(a)(7) [div. A, title VIII, § 802(d)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–468.)
§ 2605. Cultural Property Advisory Committee
(a) Establishment
(b) Membership
(1) The Committee shall be composed of eleven members appointed by the President as follows:
(A) Two members representing the interests of museums.
(B) Three members who shall be experts in the fields of archaeology, anthropology, ethnology, or related areas.
(C) Three members who shall be experts in the international sale of archaeological, ethnological, and other cultural property.
(D) Three members who shall represent the interest of the general public.
(2) Appointments made under paragraph (1) shall be made in such a manner so as to insure—
(A) fair representation of the various interests of the public sectors and the private sectors in the international exchange of archaeological and ethnological materials, and
(B) that within such sectors, fair representation is accorded to the interests of regional and local institutions and museums.
(3)
(A) Members of the Committee shall be appointed for terms of three years and may be reappointed for one or more terms. With respect to the initial appointments, the President shall select, on a representative basis to the maximum extent practicable, four members to serve three-year terms, four members to serve two-year terms, and the remaining members to serve a one-year term. Thereafter each appointment shall be for a three-year term.
(B)
(i) A vacancy in the Committee shall be filled in the same manner as the original appointment was made and for the unexpired portion of the term, if the vacancy occurred during a term of office. Any member of the Committee may continue to serve as a member of the Committee after the expiration of his term of office until reappointed or until his successor has been appointed.
(ii) The President shall designate a Chairman of the Committee from the members of the Committee.
(c) Expenses
(d) Transaction of business
(e) Staff and administration
(1) The Director of the United States Information Agency shall make available to the Committee such administrative and technical support services and assistance as it may reasonably require to carry out its activities. Upon the request of the Committee, the head of any other Federal agency may detail to the Committee, on a reimbursable basis, any of the personnel of such agency to assist the Committee in carrying out its functions, and provide such information and assistance as the Committee may reasonably require to carry out its activities.
(2) The Committee shall meet at the call of the Director of the United States Information Agency, or when a majority of its members request a meeting in writing.
(f) Reports by Committee
(1) The Commitee 1
1 So in original. Probably should be “Committee”.
shall, with respect to each request of a State Party referred to in section 2602(a) of this title, undertake an investigation and review with respect to matters referred to in section 2602(a)(1) of this title as they relate to the State Party or the request and shall prepare a report setting forth—(A) the results of such investigation and review;
(B) its findings as to the nations individually having a significant import trade in the relevant material; and
(C) its recommendation, together with the reasons therefor, as to whether an agreement should be entered into under section 2602(a) of this title with respect to the State Party.
(2) The Committee shall, with respect to each agreement proposed to be extended by the President under section 2602(e) of this title, prepare a report setting forth its recommendations together with the reasons therefor, as to whether or not the agreement should be extended.
(3) The Committee shall in each case in which the Committee finds that an emergency condition under section 2603 of this title exists prepare a report setting forth its recommendations, together with the reasons therefor, as to whether emergency action under section 2603 of this title should be implemented. If any State Party indicates in its request under section 2602(a) of this title that an emergency condition exists and the Committee finds that such a condition does not exist, the Committee shall prepare a report setting forth the reasons for such finding.
(4) Any report prepared by the Committee which recommends the entering into or the extension of any agreement under section 2602 of this title or the implementation of emergency action under section 2603 of this title shall set forth—
(A) such terms and conditions which it considers necessary and appropriate to include within such agreement, or apply with respect to such implementation, for purposes of carrying out the intent of the Convention; and
(B) such archaeological or ethnological material of the State Party, specified by type or such other classification as the Committee deems appropriate, which should be covered by such agreement or action.
(5) If any member of the Committee disagrees with respect to any matter in any report prepared under this subsection, such member may prepare a statement setting forth the reasons for such disagreement and such statement shall be appended to, and considered a part of, the report.
(6) The Committee shall submit to the Congress and the President a copy of each report prepared by it under this subsection.
(g) Committee review
(1) In general
(2) Action by CommitteeIf the Committee finds, as a result of such review, that—
(A) cause exists for suspending, under section 2602(d) of this title, the import restrictions imposed under an agreement;
(B) any agreement or emergency action is not achieving the purposes for which entered into or implemented; or
(C) changes are required to this chapter in order to implement fully the obligations of the United States under the Convention;
the Committee may submit a report to the Congress and the President setting forth its recommendations for suspending such import restrictions or for improving the effectiveness of any such agreement or emergency action or this chapter.
(h) Chapter 10 of title 5
(i) Confidential information
(1) In generalAny information (including trade secrets and commercial or financial information which is privileged or confidential) submitted in confidence by the private sector to officers or employees of the United States or to the Committee in connection with the responsibilities of the Committee shall not be disclosed to any person other than to—
(A) officers and employees of the United States designated by the Director of the United States Information Agency;
(B) members of the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Finance of the Senate who are designated by the chairman of either such Committee and members of the staff of either such Committee designated by the chairman for use in connection with negotiation of agreements or other activities authorized by this chapter; and
(C) the Committee established under this chapter.
(2) Governmental information
(j) No authority to negotiate
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 306, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2356; Pub. L. 100–204, title III, § 307(a), (b), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1380; Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(a)(140), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4321.)
§ 2606. Import restrictions
(a) Documentation of lawful exportation
(b) Customs action in absence of documentationIf the consignee of any designated archaeological or ethnological material is unable to present to the customs officer concerned at the time of making entry of such material—
(1) the certificate or other documentation of the State Party required under subsection (a); or
(2) satisfactory evidence that such material was exported from the State Party—
(A) not less than ten years before the date of such entry and that neither the person for whose account the material is imported (or any related person) contracted for or acquired an interest, directly or indirectly, in such material more than one year before that date of entry, or
(B) on or before the date on which such material was designated under section 2604 of this title,
the customs officer concerned shall refuse to release the material from customs custody and send it to a bonded warehouse or store to be held at the risk and expense of the consignee, notwithstanding any other provision of law, until such documentation or evidence is filed with such officer. If such documentation or evidence is not presented within ninety days after the date on which such material is refused release from customs custody, or such longer period as may be allowed by the Secretary for good cause shown, the material shall be subject to seizure and forfeiture. The presentation of such documentation or evidence shall not bar subsequent action under section 2609 of this title.
(c) “Satisfactory evidence” definedThe term “satisfactory evidence” means—
(1) for purposes of subsection (b)(2)(A)—
(A) one or more declarations under oath by the importer, or the person for whose account the material is imported, stating that, to the best of his knowledge—
(i) the material was exported from the State Party not less than ten years before the date of entry into the United States, and
(ii) neither such importer or person (or any related person) contracted for or acquired an interest, directly or indirectly, in such material more than one year before the date of entry of the material; and
(B) a statement provided by the consignor, or person who sold the material to the importer, which states the date, or, if not known, his belief, that the material was exported from the State Party not less than ten years before the date of entry into the United States, and the reasons on which the statement is based; and
(2) for purposes of subsection (b)(2)(B)—
(A) one or more declarations under oath by the importer or the person for whose account the material is to be imported, stating that, to the best of his knowledge, the material was exported from the State Party on or before the date such material was designated under section 2604 of this title, and
(B) a statement by the consignor or person who sold the material to the importer which states the date, or if not known, his belief, that the material was exported from the State Party on or before the date such material was designated under section 2604 of this title, and the reasons on which the statement is based.
(d) Related personsFor purposes of subsections (b) and (c), a person shall be treated as a related person to an importer, or to a person for whose account material is imported, if such person—
(1) is a member of the same family as the importer or person of account, including, but not limited to, membership as a brother or sister (whether by whole or half blood), spouse, ancestor, or lineal descendant;
(2) is a partner or associate with the importer or person of account in any partnership, association, or other venture; or
(3) is a corporation or other legal entity in which the importer or person of account directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds power to vote 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting stock or shares in the entity.
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 307, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2358.)
§ 2607. Stolen cultural property
No article of cultural property documented as appertaining to the inventory of a museum or religious or secular public monument or similar institution in any State Party which is stolen from such institution after the effective date of this chapter, or after the date of entry into force of the Convention for the State Party, whichever date is later, may be imported into the United States.
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 308, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2360.)
§ 2608. Temporary disposition of materials and articles subject to this chapter
Pending a final determination as to whether any archaeological or ethnological material, or any article of cultural property, has been imported into the United States in violation of section 2606 of this title or section 2607 of this title, the Secretary shall, upon application by any museum or other cultural or scientific institution in the United States which is open to the public, permit such material or article to be retained at such institution if he finds that—
(1) sufficient safeguards will be taken by the institution for the protection of such material or article; and
(2) sufficient bond is posted by the institution to ensure its return to the Secretary.
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 309, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2360.)
§ 2609. Seizure and forfeiture
(a) In general
(b) Archaeological and ethnological materialAny designated archaeological or ethnological material which is imported into the United States in violation of section 2606 of this title and which is forfeited to the United States under this chapter shall—
(1) first be offered for return to the State Party;
(2) if not returned to the State Party, be returned to a claimant with respect to whom the material was forfeited if that claimant establishes—
(A) valid title to the material,
(B) that the claimant is a bona fide purchaser for value of the material; or
(3) if not returned to the State Party under paragraph (1) or to a claimant under paragraph (2), be disposed of in the manner prescribed by law for articles forfeited for violation of the customs laws.
No return of material may be made under paragraph (1) or (2) unless the State Party or claimant, as the case may be, bears the expenses incurred incident to the return and delivery, and complies with such other requirements relating to the return as the Secretary shall prescribe.
(c) Articles of cultural property
(1) In any action for forfeiture under this section regarding an article of cultural property imported into the United States in violation of section 2607 of this title, if the claimant establishes valid title to the article, under applicable law, as against the institution from which the article was stolen, forfeiture shall not be decreed unless the State Party to which the article is to be returned pays the claimant just compensation for the article. In any action for forfeiture under this section where the claimant does not establish such title but establishes that it purchased the article for value without knowledge or reason to believe it was stolen, forfeiture shall not be decreed unless—
(A) the State Party to which the article is to be returned pays the claimant an amount equal to the amount which the claimant paid for the article, or
(B) the United States establishes that such State Party, as a matter of law or reciprocity, would in similar circumstances recover and return an article stolen from an institution in the United States without requiring the payment of compensation.
(2) Any article of cultural property which is imported into the United States in violation of section 2607 of this title and which is forfeited to the United States under this chapter shall—
(A) first be offered for return to the State Party in whose territory is situated the institution referred to in section 2607 of this title and shall be returned if that State Party bears the expenses incident to such return and delivery and complies with such other requirements relating to the return as the Secretary prescribes; or
(B) if not returned to such State Party, be disposed of in the manner prescribed by law for articles forfeited for violation of the customs laws.
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 310, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2360.)
§ 2610. Evidentiary requirementsNotwithstanding the provisions of section 1615 of this title, in any forfeiture proceeding brought under this chapter in which the material or article, as the case may be, is claimed by any person, the United States shall establish—
(1) in the case of any material subject to the provisions of section 2606 of this title, that the material has been listed by the Secretary in accordance with section 2604 of this title; and
(2) in the case of any article subject to section 2607 of this title, that the article—
(A) is documented as appertaining to the inventory of a museum or religious or secular public monument or similar institution in a State Party, and
(B) was stolen from such institution after the effective date of this chapter, or after the date of entry into force of the Convention for the State Party concerned, whichever date is later.
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 311, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2361.)
§ 2611. Certain material and articles exempt from this chapterThe provisions of this chapter shall not apply to—
(1) any archaeological or ethnological material or any article of cultural property which is imported into the United States for temporary exhibition or display if such material or article is immune from seizure under judicial process pursuant to section 2459 of title 22; or
(2) any designated archaeological or ethnological material or any article of cultural property imported into the United States if such material or article—
(A) has been held in the United States for a period of not less than three consecutive years by a recognized museum or religious or secular monument or similar institution, and was purchased by that institution for value, in good faith, and without notice that such material or article was imported in violation of this chapter, but only if—
(i) the acquisition of such material or article has been reported in a publication of such institution, any regularly published newspaper or periodical with a circulation of at least fifty thousand, or a periodical or exhibition catalog which is concerned with the type of article or materials sought to be exempted from this chapter,
(ii) such material or article has been exhibited to the public for a period or periods aggregating at least one year during such three-year period, or
(iii) such article or material has been cataloged and the catalog material made available upon request to the public for at least two years during such three-year period;
(B) if subparagraph (A) does not apply, has been within the United States for a period of not less than ten consecutive years and has been exhibited for not less than five years during such period in a recognized museum or religious or secular monument or similar institution in the Unites 1
1 So in original. Probably should be “United”.
States open to the public; or(C) if subparagraphs (A) and (B) do not apply, has been within the United States for a period of not less than ten consecutive years and the State Party concerned has received or should have received during such period fair notice (through such adequate and accessible publication, or other means, as the Secretary shall by regulation prescribe) of its location within the United States; and
(D) if none of the preceding subparagraphs apply, has been within the United States for a period of not less than twenty consecutive years and the claimant establishes that it purchased the material or article for value without knowledge or reason to believe that it was imported in violation of law.
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 312, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2362.)
§ 2612. Regulations
The Secretary shall prescribe such rules and regulations as are necessary and appropriate to carry out the provisions of this chapter.
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 313, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2363.)
§ 2613. Enforcement
In the customs territory of the United States, and in the Virgin Islands, the provisions of this chapter shall be enforced by appropriate customs officers. In any other territory or area within the United States, but not within such customs territory or the Virgin Islands, such provisions shall be enforced by such persons as may be designated by the President.
(Pub. L. 97–446, title III, § 314, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2363.)