1. U.S. Code
  2. title 16
  3. chapter 1
  4. subchapter LXIII
  5. § 459c-1

Collapse to view only § 459c-1. Description of area

§ 459. Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area; conditional establishment; acquisition of lands

When title to all the lands, except those within the limits of established villages, within boundaries to be designated by the Secretary of the Interior within the area of approximately one hundred square miles on the islands of Chicamacomico, Ocracoke, Bodie, Roanoke, and Collington,1

1 So in original. Probably should be “Colington,”.
and the waters and the lands beneath the waters adjacent thereto shall have been vested in the United States, said area shall be, and is, established, dedicated, and set apart as a national seashore recreational area for the benefit and enjoyment of the people and shall be known as the Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area: Provided, That the United States shall not purchase by appropriation of public moneys any lands within the aforesaid area, but such lands shall be secured by the United States only by public or private donation.

(Aug. 17, 1937, ch. 687, § 1, 50 Stat. 669; June 29, 1940, ch. 459, § 1, 54 Stat. 702.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459

§ 459a. Acceptance of donations; acquisition of property by purchase and condemnation

The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to accept donations of land, interests in land, buildings, structures, and other property, within the boundaries of said national seashore recreational area as determined and fixed hereunder and donations of funds for the purchase and maintenance thereof, the title and evidence of title to lands acquired to be satisfactory to the Secretary of the Interior: Provided, That he may acquire on behalf of the United States under any donated funds by purchase, when purchasable at prices deemed by him reasonable, otherwise by condemnation under the provisions of section 3113 of title 40, such tracts of land within the said national seashore recreational area as may be necessary for the completion thereof.

(Aug. 17, 1937, ch. 687, § 2, 50 Stat. 669; June 29, 1940, ch. 459, § 1, 54 Stat. 702.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459a

§ 459a–1. Administration, protection, and development; commercial fishing by residents; hunting

The administration, protection, and development of the aforesaid national seashore recreational area shall be exercised under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior by the National Park Service, subject to the provisions of the Act of August 25, 1916 (39 Stat. 535), entitled “An Act to establish a National Park Service, and for other purposes”,1

1 See References in Text note below.
as amended: Provided, That except as hereinafter provided nothing herein shall be construed to divest the jurisdiction of other agencies of the Government exercised on August 17, 1937, over Federal-owned lands within the area of the said Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area: Provided further, That the provisions of the Federal Power Act [16 U.S.C. 791a et seq.], shall not apply to this national seashore recreational area: And provided further, That the legal residents of villages referred to in section 459 of this title shall have the right to earn a livelihood by fishing within the boundaries to be designated by the Secretary of the Interior, subject to such rules and regulations as the said Secretary may deem necessary in order to protect the area for recreational use as provided for in sections 459 to 459a–3 of this title: And provided further, That hunting shall be permitted, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior in conformity with the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of July 3, 1918 (40 Stat. 755) [16 U.S.C. 703 et seq.], as follows: (a) Upon the waters of the sounds included within the national seashore recreational area, (b) in the area north of the Currituck County line, (c) on Ocracoke Island, and (d) within not more than two thousand acres of land in the remaining portion of said national seashore recreational area, as shall be designated by the Secretary of the Interior; except on lands and waters included in any existing or future wildlife or migratory bird refuge and adjacent closed waters.

(Aug. 17, 1937, ch. 687, § 3, 50 Stat. 670; June 29, 1940, ch. 459, §§ 1, 2, 54 Stat. 702.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459a-1

§ 459a–2. Preservation of natural features; acquisition of additional property; reversion of property on failure of conditions

Except for certain portions of the area, deemed to be especially adaptable for recreational uses, particularly swimming, boating, sailing, fishing, and other recreational activities of similar nature, which shall be developed for such uses as needed, the said area shall be permanently reserved as a primitive wilderness and no development of the project or plan for the convenience of visitors shall be undertaken which would be incompatible with the preservation of the unique flora and fauna or the physiographic conditions now prevailing in this area: Provided, That the Secretary of the Interior may, in his discretion, accept for administration, protection, and development by the National Park Service a minimum of ten thousand acres within the area described in section 459 of this title, including the existing Cape Hatteras State Park, and, in addition, any other portions of the area described in section 459 of this title if the State of North Carolina shall agree that if all the lands described in section 459 of this title shall not have been conveyed to the United States within fifteen years from August 17, 1937, the establishment of the aforesaid national seashore recreational area may, in the discretion of the said Secretary, be abandoned, and that, in the event of such abandonment, the said State will accept a reconveyance of title to all lands conveyed by it to the United States for said national seashore recreational area. The lands donated to the United States for the purposes of sections 459 to 459a–3 of this title by parties other than said State shall revert in the event of the aforesaid abandonment to the donors, or their heirs, or other persons entitled thereto by law.

In the event of said abandonment, the Secretary of the Interior shall execute any suitable quitclaim deeds, or other writings entitled to record in the proper counties of North Carolina stating the fact of abandonment, whereupon title shall revert to those entitled thereto by law and no further conveyance or proof of reversion of title shall be required.

(Aug. 17, 1937, ch. 687, § 4, 50 Stat. 670; June 29, 1940, ch. 459, § 1, 54 Stat. 702; Mar. 6, 1946, ch. 50, 60 Stat. 32.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459a-2

§ 459a–3. Migratory bird refuges not to be affected

Notwithstanding any other provisions of sections 459 to 459a–3 of this title, lands and waters on or after August 17, 1937, included in any migratory bird refuge under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture, within the boundaries of the national seashore recreational area as designated by the Secretary of the Interior under section 459 of this title, shall continue as such refuge under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture for the protection of migratory birds, but such lands and waters shall be a part of the aforesaid national seashore recreational area and shall be administered by the National Park Service for recreational uses not inconsistent with the purposes of such refuge under such rules and regulations as the Secretaries of the Interior and Agriculture may jointly approve. The proviso to section 459 of this title shall not limit the power of the Secretary of Agriculture to acquire lands for any migratory bird refuge by purchase with any funds made available therefor by applicable law.

(Aug. 17, 1937, ch. 687, § 5, 50 Stat. 670; June 29, 1940, ch. 459, § 1, 54 Stat. 702.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459a-3

§ 459a–4. Omitted

CITE AS: 16 USC 459a-4

§ 459a–5. Addition of lands; Naval Amphibious Training Station

There is transferred to the Secretary of the Interior without reimbursement or transfer of funds, administrative jurisdiction over an area of approximately twenty-one and eight-tenths acres of federally owned land, formerly designated as the Naval Amphibious Training Station, together with any improvements thereon which may exist at the time of the transfer, situated on Ocracoke Island within the village of Ocracoke, County of Hyde, in the State of North Carolina. The property so transferred shall be administered by the Department of the Interior and shall become a part of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area, when established.

(July 14, 1953, ch. 191, 67 Stat. 148.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459a-5

§ 459a–5a. Addition of lands; Hatteras

The tracts of excess Federal lands and improvements thereon in the village of Hatteras, Dare County, North Carolina, bearing General Services Administration control numbers T–NC–442 and C–NC–444, comprising forty-three one-hundredths and one and five-tenths acres of land, respectively, the exact descriptions for which shall be determined by the Administrator of General Services, are transferred, without exchange of funds, to the administrative jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior to be administered as a part of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area, authorized by sections 459 to 459a–3 of this title, and shall be subject to all the laws and regulations applicable thereto.

(Pub. L. 85–540, July 18, 1958, 72 Stat. 398.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459a-5a

§ 459a–6. Acquisition of non-Federal land within boundaries of recreational area

Section 101102 of title 54 is amended to extend the authority of the Secretary of the Interior, contained therein, to the Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area.

(Aug. 6, 1956, ch. 988, § 1, 70 Stat. 1066.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459a-6

§ 459a–7. Availability of appropriations

Any funds appropriated to the Department of the Interior for the acquisition of non-Federal lands within areas of the National Park System shall after August 6, 1956, be available for the acquisition of non-Federal lands within the Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area, and the appropriation of funds for the acquisition of such lands is authorized.

(Aug. 6, 1956, ch. 988, § 2, 70 Stat. 1066.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459a-7

§ 459a–8. Limitation on expenditure

The total amount which may be expended for the land acquisition program at Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational Area, pursuant to the authorizations contained in sections 459a–6 to 459a–8 of this title, is expressly limited to $250,000.

(Aug. 6, 1956, ch. 988, § 3, 70 Stat. 1066.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459a-8

§ 459a–9. Conveyance of land for improvement with public health facility; reversion; consideration; status of property upon transfer of title

The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to convey the tract of land and improvements thereon situate in the village of Hatteras, Dare County, North Carolina, and administered as part of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore, formerly bearing General Services Administration excess property control number C–NC–444, comprising one and five-tenths acres, the exact description for which shall be determined by the Secretary, to the Board of Commissioners of Dare County, for purposes of providing thereon a public health facility: Provided, That title to the land and any improvements shall revert to the United States upon a finding and notification to the grantee by the Secretary that the property is used for purposes other than a public health facility. The conveyance herein authorized shall be without monetary consideration.

Upon the transfer of title to the grantee, the property herein conveyed shall cease to be a part of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore.

(Pub. L. 89–146, Aug. 28, 1965, 79 Stat. 583.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459a-9

§ 459a–10. Transfer of Ocracoke Light Station to Secretary of the Interior

(Pub. L. 105–383, title IV, § 420, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3439.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459a-10

§ 459b. Cape Cod National Seashore; description of area
(a) The area comprising that portion of the land and waters located in the towns of Provincetown, Truro, Wellfleet, Eastham, Orleans, and Chatham in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and described in subsection (b), is designated for establishment as Cape Cod National Seashore (hereinafter referred to as “the seashore”).
(b) The area referred to in subsection (a) is described as follows:

Beginning at a point in the Atlantic Ocean one-quarter of a mile due west of the mean low-water line of the Atlantic Ocean on Cape Cod at the westernmost extremity of Race Point, Provincetown, Massachusetts;

thence from the point of beginning along a line a quarter of a mile offshore of and parallel to the mean low-water line of the Atlantic Ocean, Cape Cod Bay, and Provincetown Harbor in generally southerly, easterly, and northerly directions rounding Long Point and then southwesterly to a point a quarter of a mile offshore of the mean low-water line on the harbor side of the dike depicted on the United States Geological Survey Provincetown quadrangle sheet (1949) crossing an arm of the Provincetown Harbor;

thence northerly, along a line a quarter of a mile offshore of and parallel to the low-water line at the dike to a point easterly of the point of intersection of the said dike with the boundary of the Province Lands Reservation as depicted on the said Provincetown quadrangle sheet;

thence westerly to the said point of intersection of the dike and the Province Lands Reservation boundary;

thence along the boundaries of the Province Lands Reservation northwesterly, northeasterly, northerly, and easterly to the easternmost corner of the reservation being near United States Route 6;

thence leaving the said easternmost corner along an extension of the southerly reservation boundary line easterly to the northerly right-of-way line of United States Route 6;

thence along the northerly right-of-way line of United States Route 6 in a general easterly direction crossing the Truro-Provincetown line and continuing in the town of Truro in a generally southeasterly direction to a point four-tenths of a mile southeasterly of the southerly right-of-way line of Highland Road;

thence easterly five-tenths of a mile to a point;

thence turning and running in a southeasterly direction paralleling the general alinement of United States Route 6 and generally distant therefrom five-tenths of a mile to a point approximately 700 feet northwesterly of Long Nook Road;

thence southwesterly along a ridge generally paralleling the alinement of Long Nook Road and distant approximately 700 feet therefrom to a point two-tenths of a mile northeasterly of the northerly right-of-way line of United States Route 6;

thence southeasterly paralleling the general alinement of United States Route 6 and generally distant two-tenths of a mile northeasterly thereof to a point 300 feet south of the southerly right-of-way line of Higgins Hollow Road;

thence in a general easterly direction paralleling the southerly alinement of Higgins Hollow Road and 300 feet distant southerly therefrom to a point five-tenths of a mile east of the easterly right-of-way line of said Route 6;

thence turning and running in a southeasterly and southerly direction paralleling the general alinement of United States Route 6 and distant five-tenths of a mile easterly therefrom to a point 300 feet north of the northerly right-of-way line of North Pamet Road;

thence in a generally southwesterly direction paralleling the general alinement of North Pamet Road and generally distant 300 feet northerly therefrom to a point approximately two-tenths of a mile east of the easterly right-of-way line of United States Route 6;

thence in a southerly direction paralleling the alinement of United States Route 6 and generally distant two-tenths of a mile easterly therefrom to a point three-tenths of a mile south of South Pamet Road;

thence west to the intersection of Old County Road and Mill Pond Road;

thence following the easterly right-of-way line of Old County Road southward to a point opposite the southerly right-of-way line of Ryder Beach Road at its intersection with Old County Road;

thence eastward to a point 300 feet east of the easterly right-of-way line of said Old County Road;

thence in a southerly direction paralleling Old County Road at a distance of 300 feet to the east of the easterly right-of-way line of said road to a point 600 feet south of the southerly right-of-way line of Prince Valley Road;

thence in a generally westerly direction, crossing Old County Road and the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad right-of-way to the southern extremity of the town landing and beach in the Ryder Beach area, and continuing to a point in Cape Cod Bay a quarter of a mile offshore from the mean low-water line of Cape Cod Bay;

thence turning and running along a line a quarter of a mile offshore of and parallel to the mean low-water line of Cape Cod Bay in a general southerly and easterly direction rounding Jeremy Point and thence in a general northerly direction along a line a quarter of a mile offshore of and parallel to the mean low-water line on the westerly side of Wellfleet Harbor, to a point one quarter of a mile due north of the mean low-water line at the eastern tip of Great Island as depicted on the United States Geological Survey Wellfleet quadrangle sheet (1958);

thence north to the mean high-water line on the north shore of the Herring River estuary in the vicinity of its confluence with Wellfleet Harbor;

thence following the mean high-water line southwesterly, northwesterly, and northeasterly to the easterly right-of-way line of Chequesset Neck Road at its crossing of Herring River;

thence following the course of Herring River along the 20-foot contour line of the southeasterly shore thereof to a point near Mill Creek;

thence crossing Mill Creek in a northeasterly direction to the 20-foot contour level near to and northeast of the confluence of Mill Creek and Herring River;

thence following generally northerly and easterly along the easterly edge of the Herring River marshes on the 20-foot contour to a point north of which the easterly right-of-way line of a medium duty road, as depicted on said Wellfleet quadrangle sheet, crosses northward across a marshy stream near the juncture of said medium duty road with Bound Brook Island Road;

thence crossing said marshy stream along said easterly right-of-way line of said medium duty road, and continuing in a northerly direction to the 20-foot contour level on the north side of said marshy stream;

thence following the 20-foot contour line westward approximately 1,000 feet to its intersection with an unimproved dirt road, as depicted on said Wellfleet quadrangle sheet, leading from a point near the juncture of Bound Brook Island Road and the said medium duty road;

thence following said unimproved dirt road northwesterly for approximately 1,600 feet to the 20-foot contour line bordering the southerly edge of the Herring River marshes;

thence following said 20-foot contour line in an easterly direction to Route 6;

thence crossing Route 6 and continuing to a point on the easterly right-of-way line of a power transmission line as depicted on said Wellfleet quadrangle sheet;

thence in a general southerly direction along the said easterly right-of-way line of a power transmission line to the Eastham-Wellfleet town line;

thence southeasterly for a distance of approximately 5,200 feet to a point due north of the intersection of the easterly right-of-way line of Nauset Road with the northerly right-of-way line of Cable Road;

thence due south to the intersection of the said easterly right-of-way line of Nauset Road and the said northerly right-of-way line of Cable Road;

thence in a general southerly direction crossing Cable Road and along said easterly right-of-way line of Nauset Road to a point 500 feet north of the northerly right-of-way line of Doane Road and its intersection with Nauset Road;

thence west to a point 500 feet west of the westerly right-of-way line of Nauset Road;

thence southerly and westerly 500 feet from and parallel to the said right-of-way line of Nauset Road to the easterly right-of-way line of Salt Pond Road;

thence southerly along the easterly right-of-way line of said Salt Pond Road to its intersection with the southerly right-of-way line of Nauset Road;

thence westerly along the southerly right-of-way line of Nauset Road to its intersection with the easterly right-of-way line of United States Route 6;

thence southerly along the easterly right-of-way line of said Route 6 a distance of about four-tenths of a mile to the northerly boundary of the Eastham town hall property;

thence easterly to a point one-tenth of a mile from United States Route 6;

thence turning and running in a generally southerly direction paralleling the general alinement of United States Route 6 and generally distant therefrom one-tenth of a mile to a small stream approximately one-tenth of a mile beyond Governor Prence Road extended;

thence southeasterly along the said stream to the Orleans-Eastham town line;

thence along the Orleans-Eastham town line to the southerly tip of Stony Island;

thence generally southeasterly in the town of Orleans by Nauset Harbor Channel to a point due north of the northerly tip of Nauset Heights as depicted on United States Geological Survey Orleans quadrangle sheet (1946);

thence due south to the 20-foot contour line in Nauset Heights as delineated on the said Orleans quadrangle sheet;

thence generally southerly along the said 20-foot contour to a point about one-tenth of a mile northerly of Beach Road;

thence southwesterly along a line intersecting Beach Road at a point two-tenths of a mile easterly of the so-called Nauset Road leading northerly to Nauset Heights;

thence southerly to a head of a tributary to Little Pleasant Bay at the northerly tip of Pochet Neck as depicted on the said Orleans quadrangle sheet;

thence generally southerly along the thread of channel of the said tributary passing westerly and southwesterly around Pochet Island and thence southwesterly into Little Pleasant Bay passing to westerly of the northerly tip of Sampson Island, the westerly tip of Money Head, and the southwesterly tip of Hog Island following in general the centerline of Little Pleasant Bay to Pleasant Bay;

thence generally southeasterly in Pleasant Bay along a line passing midway between Sipson Island and Nauset Beach to a point on the Chatham-Orleans town line one-quarter of a mile westerly of the mean low-water line of Pleasant Bay on the westerly shore of Nauset Beach;

thence generally southerly in Pleasant Bay in the town of Chatham along a line a quarter of a mile offshore of and parallel to the said mean low-water line of Pleasant Bay on the westerly shore of Nauset Beach to a point a quarter of a mile south of the mean low-water line of the southern tip of Nauset Beach;

thence easterly rounding the southern tip of Nauset Beach along a line a quarter of a mile offshore of and parallel thereto;

thence generally northerly and northwesterly, and westerly along a line a quarter of a mile offshore of and parallel to the mean low-water line of the Atlantic Ocean on the easterly shore of Nauset Beach and on to the outer cape to the point of beginning.

(Pub. L. 87–126, § 1, Aug. 7, 1961, 75 Stat. 284.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459b

§ 459b–1. Acquisition of property
(a) Authority of Secretary; manner and place; concurrence of State owner; transfer from Federal agency to administrative jurisdiction of Secretary
(b) Use of funds; fair market value
(c) Exchange of property; cash equalization payments; reports to Congress
(d) Exchange of property; addition to Cape Cod National Seashore
(e) “Fair market value” defined; appraisal
(Pub. L. 87–126, § 2, Aug. 7, 1961, 75 Stat. 287; Pub. L. 105–280, § 1(a), Oct. 26, 1998, 112 Stat. 2694.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459b-1

§ 459b–2. Establishment
(a) Notice in Federal Register
(b) Distribution of notice and map
(Pub. L. 87–126, § 3, Aug. 7, 1961, 75 Stat. 288.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459b-2

§ 459b–3. Acquisition by condemnation
(a) Right of use and occupancy for residential purposes for life or fixed term of years; exercise of right of election; impairment of interests of lienholders, etc.; right as running with land; transfer, assignment and termination of right; computation of compensation
(1) The beneficial owner or owners, not being a corporation, of a freehold interest in improved property which the Secretary acquires by condemnation may elect, as a condition to such acquisition, to retain the right of use and occupancy of the said property for noncommercial residential purposes for a term of twenty-five years, or for such lesser time as the said owner or owners may elect at the time of such acquisition.
(2) The beneficial owner or owners, not being a corporation, of a freehold estate in improved property which property the Secretary acquires by condemnation, who held, on September 1, 1959, with respect to such property, an estate of the same nature and quality, may elect, as an alternative and not in addition to whatever right of election he or they might have under paragraph (1) of this subsection, to retain the right of use and occupancy of the said property for noncommercial residential purposes (i) for a term limited by the nature and quality of his or their said estate, if his or their said estate is a life estate or an estate pur auter vie, or (ii) for a term ending at the death of such owner or owners, or at the death of the survivor of them, if his or their said estate is an estate of fee simple.
(3) Where such property is held by a natural person or persons for his or their own life or lives or for the life or lives of another or others (such person or persons being hereinafter called “the life tenant”), with remainder in another or others, any right of election provided for in paragraph (2) of this subsection shall be exercised by the life tenant, and any right of election provided for in paragraph (1) of this subsection shall be exercised by the concurrence of the life tenant and the remainderman or remaindermen.
(4) The beneficial owner or owners of a term of years in improved property which the Secretary acquires by condemnation may elect, as a condition to such acquisition, to retain the right of use and occupancy of the said property for noncommercial residential purposes for a term not to exceed the remainder of his or their said term of years, or a term of twenty-five years, whichever shall be the lesser. The owner or owners of the freehold estate or estates in such property may, subject to the right provided for in the preceding sentence, exercise such right or rights of election as remain to them under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection.
(5) No right of election accorded by paragraphs (1), (2), or (4) of this subsection shall be exercised to impair substantially the interests of holders of encumbrances, liens, assessments, or other charges upon or against the property.
(6) Any right or rights of use and occupancy retained pursuant to paragraphs (1), (2), and (4) of this subsection shall be held to run with the land, and may be freely transferred and assigned.
(7) In any case where a right of use and occupancy for life or for a fixed term of years is retained as provided in paragraph (1), (2), or (4) of this subsection, the compensation paid by the Secretary for the property shall not exceed the fair market value of the property on the date of its acquisition by the Secretary, less the fair market value on such date of the said right retained.
(8) The Secretary shall have authority to terminate any right of use and occupancy of property, retained as provided in paragraph (1), (2), or (4) of this subsection, at any time after the date when any use occurs with respect to such property which fails to conform or is in any manner opposed to or inconsistent with any applicable standard contained in regulations issued pursuant to section 459b–4 of this title and in effect on said date: Provided, That no use which is in conformity with the provisions of a zoning bylaw approved in accordance with said section 459b–4 which is in force and applicable to such property shall be held to fail to conform or be opposed to or inconsistent with any such standard. In the event that the Secretary exercises the authority conferred by this paragraph, he shall pay to the owner of the right so terminated an amount equal to the fair market value of the portion of said right which remained on the date of termination.
(b) Suspension of authority for one year and during existence of zoning regulations
(1) The Secretary’s authority to acquire property by condemnation shall be suspended with respect to all improved property located within such area in all of the towns referred to in section 459b of this title for one year following August 7, 1961.
(2) Thereafter such authority shall be suspended with respect to all improved property located within such area in any one of such towns during all times when such town shall have in force and applicable to such property a duly adopted, valid zoning bylaw approved by the Secretary in accordance with the provisions of section 459b–4 of this title.
(c) Suspension of authority respecting property used for commercial or industrial purposes
(d) “Improved property” defined
(e) Acquisition of clear, marketable and encumbrance-free title
(Pub. L. 87–126, § 4, Aug. 7, 1961, 75 Stat. 288.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459b-3

§ 459b–4. Zoning regulations
(a) Standards for approval; submission to Congress and municipalities; publication in Federal Register; approval of local bylaws; revocation of approval
(b) Commercial and industrial use prohibition; acreage, frontage, setback and miscellaneous requirements
(c) Adverse provisions and absence of notice for variance as requiring disapproval of local bylaws
(d) Termination of suspension of authority for acquisition by condemnation because of nonconforming variances and uses; agreements concerning exercise of authority
If any improved property with respect to which the Secretary’s authority to acquire by condemnation has been suspended by reason of the adoption and approval, in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this section, of a zoning bylaw applicable to such property (hereinafter referred to as “such bylaw”)—
(1) is made the subject of a variance under or an exception to such bylaw, which variance or exception fails to conform or is in any manner opposed to or inconsistent with any applicable standard contained in the regulations issued pursuant to this section and in effect at the time of the passage of such bylaw, or
(2) is property upon or with respect to which there occurs any use, commencing after the date of the publication by the Secretary of such regulations, which fails to conform or is in any manner opposed to or inconsistent with any applicable standard contained in such regulations (but no use which is in conformity with the provisions of such bylaw shall be held to fail to conform or be opposed to or inconsistent with any such standard),
the Secretary may, at any time and in his discretion, terminate the suspension of his authority to acquire such improved property by condemnation: Provided, however, That the Secretary may agree with the owner or owners of such property to refrain from the exercise of the said authority during such time and upon such terms and conditions as the Secretary may deem to be in the best interests of the development and preservation of the seashore.
(Pub. L. 87–126, § 5, Aug. 7, 1961, 75 Stat. 290.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459b-4

§ 459b–5. Certificate of suspension of authority for acquisition by condemnation

The Secretary shall furnish to any party in interest requesting the same, a certificate indicating, with respect to any property located within the seashore as to which the Secretary’s authority to acquire such property by condemnation has been suspended in accordance with the provisions of sections 459b to 459b–8 of this title, that such authority has been so suspended and the reasons therefor.

(Pub. L. 87–126, § 6, Aug. 7, 1961, 75 Stat. 291.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459b-5

§ 459b–6. Administration of acquired property
(a) Utilization of authority for conservation and management of natural resources
(b) Preservation of seashore; incompatible visitor conveniences restricted; provisions for public enjoyment and understanding; developments for recreational activities; public use areas
(1) In order that the seashore shall be permanently preserved in its present state, no development or plan for the convenience of visitors shall be undertaken therein which would be incompatible with the preservation of the unique flora and fauna or the physiographic conditions now prevailing or with the preservation of such historic sites and structures as the Secretary may designate: Provided, That the Secretary may provide for the public enjoyment and understanding of the unique natural, historic, and scientific features of Cape Cod within the seashore by establishing such trails, observation points, and exhibits and providing such services as he may deem desirable for such public enjoyment and understanding: Provided further, That the Secretary may develop for appropriate public uses such portions of the seashore as he deems especially adaptable for camping, swimming, boating, sailing, hunting, fishing, the appreciation of historic sites and structures and natural features of Cape Cod, and other activities of similar nature.
(2) In developing the seashore the Secretary shall provide public use areas in such places and manner as he determines will not diminish for its owners or occupants the value or enjoyment of any improved property located within the seashore.
(c) Hunting and fishing regulations; navigation
(Pub. L. 87–126, § 7, Aug. 7, 1961, 75 Stat. 291.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459b-6

§ 459b–7. Cape Cod National Seashore Advisory Commission
(a) Establishment; termination
(b) Membership; termThe Commission shall be composed of ten members each appointed for a term of two years by the Secretary as follows:
(1) Six members to be appointed from recommendations made by each of the boards of selectmen of the towns referred to in section 459b of this title, one member from the recommendations made by each such board;
(2) One member to be appointed from recommendations of the county commissioners of Barnstable County, Commonwealth of Massachusetts;
(3) Two members to be appointed from recommendations of the Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; and
(4) One member to be designated by the Secretary.
(c) Chairman; vacancies
(d) Compensation and expenses
(e) Majority vote
(f) Consultation of Secretary with Commission
(g) Exemption from other provisions of law
(1) Any member of the Advisory Commission appointed under sections 459b to 459b–8 of this title shall be exempted, with respect to such appointment, from the operation of sections 281, 283, 284, and 1914 of title 18 and section 190 of the Revised Statutes (5 U.S.C. 99) 1
1 See References in Text note below.
except as otherwise specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection.
(2) The exemption granted by paragraph (1) of this subsection shall not extend—
(i) to the receipt or payment of salary in connection with the appointee’s Government service from any sources other than the private employer of the appointee at the time of his appointment; or
(ii) during the period of such appointment, and the further period of two years after the termination thereof, to the prosecution or participation in the prosecution, by any person so appointed, of any claim against the Government involving any matter concerning which the appointee had any responsibility arising out of his appointment during the period of such appointment.
(Pub. L. 87–126, § 8, Aug. 7, 1961, 75 Stat. 292; Pub. L. 99–420, title II, § 201, Sept. 25, 1986, 100 Stat. 960; Pub. L. 105–280, § 1(b), Oct. 26, 1998, 112 Stat. 2694; Pub. L. 111–11, title VII, § 7402, Mar. 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1219; Pub. L. 117–328, div. DD, title VI, § 613, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5604.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459b-7

§ 459b–8. Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of sections 459b to 459b–8 of this title; except that no more than $42,917,575 shall be appropriated for the acquisition of land and waters and improvements thereon, and interests therein, and incidental costs relating thereto, in accordance with the provisions of such sections.

(Pub. L. 87–126, § 9, Aug. 7, 1961, 75 Stat. 293; Pub. L. 91–252, May 14, 1970, 84 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 98–141, § 3, Oct. 31, 1983, 97 Stat. 909.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459b-8

§ 459c. Point Reyes National Seashore; purposes; authorization for establishment

In order to save and preserve, for purposes of public recreation, benefit, and inspiration, a portion of the diminishing seashore of the United States that remains undeveloped, the Secretary of the Interior (hereinafter referred to as the “Secretary”) is authorized to take appropriate action in the public interest toward the establishment of the national seashore set forth in section 459c–1 of this title.

(Pub. L. 87–657, § 1, Sept. 13, 1962, 76 Stat. 538.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459c

§ 459c–1. Description of area
(a) Boundary map; availability; publication in Federal Register
(b) Bear Valley Ranch right-of-way
(Pub. L. 87–657, § 2, Sept. 13, 1962, 76 Stat. 538; Pub. L. 89–666, § 1(a), Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 919; Pub. L. 93–550, title II, § 201, Dec. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1744; Pub. L. 95–625, title III, § 318(a), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3486; Pub. L. 96–199, title I, § 101(a)(1), Mar. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 67; Pub. L. 103–437, § 6(d)(16), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4584.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459c-1

§ 459c–2. Acquisition of property
(a) Authority of Secretary; manner and place; concurrence of State owner; transfer from Federal agency to administrative jurisdiction of Secretary; liability of United States under contracts contingent on appropriations
(b) Payment for acquisition; fair market value
(c) Exchange of property; cash equalization payments
(Pub. L. 87–657, § 3, Sept. 13, 1962, 76 Stat. 539; Pub. L. 91–223, § 2(a), Apr. 3, 1970, 84 Stat. 90.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459c-2

§ 459c–3. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–223, § 2(b), Apr. 3, 1970, 84 Stat. 90

CITE AS: 16 USC 459c-3

§ 459c–4. Point Reyes National Seashore
(a) Establishment; notice in Federal Register
(b) Distribution of notice and map
(Pub. L. 87–657, § 4, formerly § 5, Sept. 13, 1962, 76 Stat. 540; renumbered § 4, Pub. L. 91–223, § 2(c), Apr. 3, 1970, 84 Stat. 90.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459c-4

§ 459c–5. Owner’s reservation of right of use and occupancy for fixed term of years or life
(a) Election of term; fair market value; termination; notification; lease of Federal lands: restrictive covenants, offer to prior owner or leaseholder
(b) “Improved and agricultural property” defined
(c) Payment deferral; scheduling; interest rate
(d) Lands donated by State of California
(e) Fee or admission charge prohibited
(Pub. L. 87–657, § 5, formerly § 6, Sept. 13, 1962, 76 Stat. 541; renumbered § 5, Pub. L. 91–223, § 2(c), Apr. 3, 1970, 84 Stat. 90; amended Pub. L. 95–625, title III, § 318(b)–(d), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3487; Pub. L. 96–199, title I, § 101(a)(2)–(4), Mar. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 67.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459c-5

§ 459c–6. Administration of property
(a) Protection, restoration, and preservation of natural environment
(b) Hunting and fishing regulations
(Pub. L. 87–657, § 6, formerly § 7, Sept. 13, 1962, 76 Stat. 541; renumbered § 6, Pub. L. 91–223, § 2(c), Apr. 3, 1970, 84 Stat. 90; amended Pub. L. 94–544, § 4(a), Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2515; Pub. L. 94–567, § 7(a), Oct. 20, 1976, 90 Stat. 2695.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459c-6

§ 459c–6a. The Clem Miller Environmental Education Center; designation

The Secretary shall designate the principal environmental education center within the seashore as “The Clem Miller Environmental Education Center”, in commemoration of the vision and leadership which the late Representative Clem Miller gave to the creation and protection of Point Reyes National Seashore.

(Pub. L. 87–657, § 7, as added Pub. L. 94–544, § 4(b), Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2515, and Pub. L. 94–567, § 7(b), Oct. 20, 1976, 90 Stat. 2695.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459c-6a

§ 459c–6b. Cooperation with utilities district; land use and occupancy; terms and conditions

The Secretary shall cooperate with the Bolinas Public Utilities District to protect and enhance the watershed values within the seashore. The Secretary may, at his or her discretion, permit the use and occupancy of lands added to the seashore by action of the Ninety-fifth Congress by the utilities district for water supply purposes, subject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary deems are consistent with the purposes of sections 459c to 459c–7 of this title.

(Pub. L. 87–657, § 8, as added Pub. L. 95–625, title III, § 318(e), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3487.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459c-6b

§ 459c–7. Authorization of appropriations; restriction on use of land

There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of sections 459c to 459c–7 of this title, except that no more than $57,500,000 shall be appropriated for the acquisition of land and waters and improvements thereon, and interests therein, and incidental costs relating thereto, in accordance with the provisions of such sections: Provided, That no freehold, leasehold, or lesser interest in any lands hereafter acquired within the boundaries of the Point Reyes National Seashore shall be conveyed for residential or commercial purposes except for public accommodations, facilities, and services provided pursuant to the Act of October 9, 1965 (Public Law 89–249; 79 Stat. 969).1

1 See References in Text note below.
In addition to the sums heretofore authorized by this section, there is further authorized to be appropriated $5,000,000 for the acquisition of lands or interests therein.

(Pub. L. 87–657, § 9, formerly § 8, Sept. 13, 1962, 76 Stat. 541; Pub. L. 89–666, § 1(b), Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 919; renumbered § 7 and amended Pub. L. 91–223, §§ 1, 2(c), Apr. 3, 1970, 84 Stat. 90; renumbered § 8, Pub. L. 94–544, § 4(b), Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2515; renumbered § 8, Pub. L. 94–567, § 7(b), Oct. 20, 1976, 90 Stat. 2695; renumbered § 9, Pub. L. 95–625, title III, § 318(e), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3487; amended Pub. L. 95–625, title III, § 318(f), as added Pub. L. 96–199, title I, § 101(a)(5), Mar. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 67.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459c-7

§ 459d. Padre Island National Seashore; description of land and waters

In order to save and preserve, for purposes of public recreation, benefit, and inspiration, a portion of the diminishing seashore of the United States that remains undeveloped, the Secretary of the Interior shall take appropriate action in the public interest toward the establishment of the following described lands and waters as the Padre Island National Seashore: Beginning at a point one statute mile northerly of North Bird Island on the easterly line of the Intracoastal Waterway; thence due east to a point on Padre Island one statute mile west of the mean high water line of the Gulf of Mexico; thence southwesterly paralleling the said mean high water line of the Gulf of Mexico a distance of about three and five-tenths statute miles; thence due east to the two-fathom line on the east side of Padre Island as depicted on National Ocean Survey chart numbered 1286; thence along the said two-fathom line on the east side of Padre Island as depicted on National Ocean Survey charts numbered 1286, 1287, and 1288 to the Willacy-Cameron County line extended; thence westerly along said county line to a point 1,500 feet west of the mean high water line of the Gulf of Mexico as that line was determined by the survey of J. S. Boyles and is depicted on sections 9 and 10 of the map entitled “Survey of Padre Island made for the office of the Attorney General of the State of Texas”, dated August 7 to 11, 1941, and August 11, 13, and 14, 1941, respectively; thence northerly along a line parallel to said survey line of J. S. Boyles and distant therefrom 1,500 feet west to a point on the centerline of the Port Mansfield Channel; thence westerly along said centerline to a point three statute miles west of the said two-fathom line; thence northerly parallel with said two-fathom line to 27 degrees 20 minutes north latitude; thence westerly along said latitude to the easterly line of the Intracoastal Waterway; thence northerly following the easterly line of the Intracoastal Waterway as indicated by channel markers in the Laguna Madre to the point of beginning.

(Pub. L. 87–712, § 1, Sept. 28, 1962, 76 Stat. 650.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459d

§ 459d–1. Acquisition of property
(a) Authority of Secretary; manner and place; concurrence of State owner; transfer from Federal agency to administrative jurisdiction of Secretary
(b) Fair market value; appraisal
(c) Exchange of property; cash equalization payments
(Pub. L. 87–712, § 2, Sept. 28, 1962, 76 Stat. 650.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459d-1

§ 459d–2. Establishment
(a) Notice in Federal Register
(b) Distribution of notice and map
(Pub. L. 87–712, § 3, Sept. 28, 1962, 76 Stat. 651.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459d-2

§ 459d–3. Reservation of oil, gas, and other minerals
(a) When acquiring land, waters, or interests therein, the Secretary shall permit a reservation by the grantor of all or any part of the oil and gas minerals in such land or waters and of other minerals therein which can be removed by similar means, with the right of occupation and use of so much of the surface of the land or waters as may be required for all purposes reasonably incident to the mining or removal of such from beneath the surface of these lands and waters and the lands and waters adjacent thereto, under such regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary with respect to such mining or removal.
(b) Any acquisition hereunder shall exclude and shall not diminish any right of occupation or use of the surface under grants, leases, or easements existing on April 11, 1961, which are reasonably necessary for the exploration, development, production, storing, processing, or transporting of oil and gas minerals that are removed from outside the boundaries of the national seashore and the Secretary may grant additional rights of occupation or use of the surface for the purposes aforesaid upon the terms and under such regulations as may be prescribed by him.
(Pub. L. 87–712, § 4, Sept. 28, 1962, 76 Stat. 651.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459d-3

§ 459d–4. Administration; utilization of authority for conservation and management of natural resources

Except as otherwise provided in sections 459d to 459d–7 of this title, the property acquired by the Secretary under such sections shall be administered by the Secretary, subject to the provisions of the Act entitled “An Act to establish a National Park Service and for other purposes”, approved August 25, 1916 (39 Stat. 535),1

1 See References in Text note below.
as amended and supplemented, and in accordance with other laws of general application relating to the areas administered and supervised by the Secretary through the National Park Service; except that authority otherwise available to the Secretary for the conservation and management of natural resources may be utilized to the extent he finds such authority will further the purposes of sections 459d to 459d–7 of this title.

(Pub. L. 87–712, § 5, Sept. 28, 1962, 76 Stat. 652.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459d-4

§ 459d–5. Roadways to access highways from mainland

The Secretary may provide for roadways from the north and south boundaries of such public recreation area to the access highways from the mainland to Padre Island.

(Pub. L. 87–712, § 6, Sept. 28, 1962, 76 Stat. 652.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459d-5

§ 459d–6. Aerial gunnery and bombing range agreements of Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of the Navy

The Secretary of the Interior shall enter into such administrative agreements with the Secretary of the Navy as the Secretary of the Navy may deem necessary to assure that the Secretary of the Interior will not exercise any authority granted by sections 459d to 459d–7 of this title so as to interfere with the use by the Department of the Navy of any aerial gunnery or bombing range located in the vicinity of Padre Island.

(Pub. L. 87–712, § 7, Sept. 28, 1962, 76 Stat. 652.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459d-6

§ 459d–7. Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of sections 459d to 459d–7 of this title; except that no more than $5,350,000 shall be appropriated for the acquisition of land and waters and improvements thereon, and interests therein, and incidental costs relating thereto, in accordance with the provisions of such sections.

(Pub. L. 87–712, § 8, Sept. 28, 1962, 76 Stat. 652; Pub. L. 94–578, title I, § 101(13), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2733.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459d-7

§ 459e. Fire Island National Seashore
(a) Purposes; authorization for establishment
(b) Boundaries
(Pub. L. 88–587, § 1, Sept. 11, 1964, 78 Stat. 928; Pub. L. 95–625, title III, § 322(a), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3488.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e

§ 459e–1. Acquisition of property
(a) Authority of Secretary; manner and place; concurrence of State owner; transfer from Federal agency to administrative jurisdiction of Secretary; liability of United States under contracts contingent on appropriations
(b) Establishment; notice in Federal Register
(c) Fair market value
(d) Exchange of property; cash equalization payments
(e) Limitation of condemnation power during existence of zoning ordinance; Davis Park-Smith Point County Park area exception; beneficial owner’s election of alternatives as condition for acquisitionWith one exception the Secretary shall not acquire any privately owned improved property or interests therein within the boundaries of the seashore or any property or interests therein within the communities delineated on the boundary map mentioned in section 459e of this title, except beach or waters and adjoining land within such communities which the Secretary determines are needed for public access to the beach, without the consent of the owners so long as the appropriate local zoning agency shall have in force and applicable to such property a duly adopted, valid, zoning ordinance that is satisfactory to the Secretary. The sole exception to this limitation on the power of the Secretary to condemn improved property where appropriate zoning ordinances exist shall be in the approximately eight-mile area from the easterly boundary of the Brookhaven town park at Davis Park, in the town of Brookhaven, to the westerly boundary of the Smith Point County Park. In this area only, when the Secretary deems it advisable for carrying out the purposes of sections 459e to 459e–9 of this title or to improve the contiguity of the park land and ease its administration, the Secretary may acquire any land or improvements therein by condemnation. In every case in which the Secretary exercises this right of condemnation of improved property the beneficial owner or owners (not being a corporation) of any improved property so condemned, provided he, she, or they held the same or a greater estate in the property on July 1, 1963, may elect as a condition of such acquisition by the Secretary any one of the following three alternatives:
(1) that the Secretary shall take the said property in fee simple absolute and pay the fair market value thereof as of the date of such taking;
(2) that the owner or owners shall retain a life estate in said property, measured on the life of the sole owner or on the life of any one person among multiple owners (notice of the person so designated to be filed in writing with the Secretary within six months after the taking) or on the life of the survivor in title of any estate held on July 1, 1963, as a tenancy by the entirety. The price in such case shall be diminished by the actuarial fair market value of the life estate retained, determined on the basis of standard actuarial methods;
(3) that the owner or owners shall retain an estate for twenty-five years. The price in this case shall likewise be diminished by the value of the estate retained.
(f) “Improved property” defined
(g) Undeveloped tracts and property; suspension of condemnation authority; natural state
(h) Sale of property acquired by condemnation; excepted properties; proceeds available for acquisition of property
(1)
(A) The Secretary shall sell any property described in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph acquired by condemnation under sections 459e to 459e–9 of this title to the highest bidder; except that—
(i) no property shall be sold at less than its fair market value; and
(ii) no property shall be sold unless it is sold subject to covenants or other restrictions that will ensure that the use of such property conforms—(I) to the standards specified in regulations issued under section 459e–2(a) of this title which are in effect at the time of such sale, and(II) to any approved zoning ordinance or amendment thereof to which such property is subject.
(B) The property referred to in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph is any property within the boundaries of the national seashore as delineated on the map mentioned in section 459e of this title except—
(i) property within the Dune district referred to in subsection (g) of this section;
(ii) beach or waters and adjoining land within the exempt communities referred to in the first sentence of subsection (e) of this section; and 1
1 So in original. The word “and” probably should not appear.
(iii) property within the eight-mile area described in the second sentence of subsection (e) of this section; and
(iv) any property acquired prior to October 1, 1982, that the Secretary determines should be retained to further the purpose of sections 459e to 459e–9 of this title.
(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all moneys received from sales under paragraph (1) of this subsection may be retained and shall be available to the Secretary, without further appropriation, only for purposes of acquiring property under sections 459e to 459e–9 of this title.
(i) Injunctive relief; termination
(1) Upon or after the commencement of any action for condemnation with respect to any property under sections 459e to 459e–9 of this title, the Secretary, through the Attorney General of the United States, may apply to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York for a temporary restraining order or injunction to prevent any use of, or construction upon, such property that—
(A) fails, or would result in a failure of such property, to conform to the standards specified in regulations issued under section 459e–2(a) of this title in effect at the time such use or construction began; or
(B) in the case of undeveloped tracts in the Dune district referred to in subsection (g) of this section, would result in such undeveloped property not being maintained in its natural state.
(2) Any temporary restraining order or injunction issued pursuant to such an application shall terminate in accordance with the provisions of section 459e–2(g) of this title.
(Pub. L. 88–587, § 2, Sept. 11, 1964, 78 Stat. 929; Pub. L. 95–625, title III, § 322(b), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3489; Pub. L. 98–482, § 2, Oct. 17, 1984, 98 Stat. 2255.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e-1

§ 459e–2. Zoning regulations
(a) Amendment; standards for approval of ordinances
(b) Commercial or industrial use prohibition; size, location or use restrictions for commercial, residential, and other structures; reconciliation of population density with protection of natural resources
(c) Approval of ordinances
(d) Adverse provisions and absence of notice for variance as requiring disapproval of ordinances
(e) Termination of suspension of authority for acquisition by condemnation because of nonconforming variances and uses
In the case of any property, including improved property but excluding undeveloped property in the Dune district referred to in section 459e–1(g) of this title, with respect to which the Secretary’s authority to acquire by condemnation has been suspended under sections 459e to 459e–9 of this title if—
(1) such property is, after October 17, 1984, made the subject of a variance under, or becomes for any reason an exception to, any applicable zoning ordinance approved under this section; and
(2) such variance or exception results, or will result, in such property being used in a manner that fails to conform to any applicable standard contained in regulations of the Secretary issued pursuant to this section and in effect at the time such variance or exception took effect;
then the suspension of the Secretary’s authority to acquire such property by condemnation shall automatically cease.
(f) Certificate of suspension of authority for acquisition by condemnation
(g) Injunctive relief; termination
Notwithstanding any other provision of sections 459e to 459e–9 of this title, the Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Attorney General of the United States, may apply to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York for a temporary restraining order or injunction to prohibit the use of, including construction upon, any property within the seashore in a manner that—
(1) will cause or is likely to cause significant harm to the natural resources of the seashore, or
(2) is inconsistent with the purposes for which the seashore was established.
Except to the extent the Court may deem necessary in extraordinary circumstances, no such order or injunction shall continue in effect for more than one hundred and eighty days. During the period of such order or injunction, the Secretary shall diligently and in good faith negotiate with the owner of the property to assure that following termination of the order or injunction, the inconsistent use is abated or the significant harm to the natural resources is mitigated.
(Pub. L. 88–587, § 3, Sept. 11, 1964, 78 Stat. 930; Pub. L. 98–482, §§ 3–5, Oct. 17, 1984, 98 Stat. 2256.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e-2

§ 459e–3. Retention by owner of right of use and occupancy of improved property for residential purposes
(a) Time limit; value of reserved right
(b) Termination of right; compensation
(Pub. L. 88–587, § 4, Sept. 11, 1964, 78 Stat. 931.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e-3

§ 459e–4. Hunting and fishing regulations

The Secretary shall permit hunting, fishing, and shellfishing on lands and waters under his administrative jurisdiction within the Fire Island National Seashore in accordance with the laws of New York and the United States of America, except that the Secretary may designate zones where, and establish periods when, no hunting shall be permitted for reasons of public safety, administration, or public use and enjoyment. Any regulations of the Secretary under this section shall be issued after consultation with the Conservation Department of the State of New York.

(Pub. L. 88–587, § 5, Sept. 11, 1964, 78 Stat. 931.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e-4

§ 459e–5. Acceptance of donations

The Secretary may accept and use for purposes of sections 459e to 459e–9 of this title any real or personal property or moneys that may be donated for such purposes.

(Pub. L. 88–587, § 6, Sept. 11, 1964, 78 Stat. 931.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e-5

§ 459e–6. Administration, protection, and development
(a) Conservation of natural resources of Seashore; preservation and access to Sunken Forest Preserve
(b) Access to Davis Park-Smith Point County Park area
(c) Utilization of authority for conservation and development of natural resources; user fees
(Pub. L. 88–587, § 7, Sept. 11, 1964, 78 Stat. 931; Pub. L. 95–625, title III, § 322(c), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3489.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e-6

§ 459e–7. Shore erosion control or beach protection measures; Fire Island inlet
(a) Authority of Chief of Engineers
(b) Land contribution
(Pub. L. 88–587, § 8, Sept. 11, 1964, 78 Stat. 932.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e-7

§ 459e–8. Omitted

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e-8

§ 459e–9. Authorization of appropriations

There is hereby authorized to be appropriated not more than $23,000,000 for the acquisition of lands and interests in land pursuant to sections 459e to 459e–9 of this title, and, after December 23, 1980, not more than $500,000 for development.

(Pub. L. 88–587, § 10, Sept. 11, 1964, 78 Stat. 933; Pub. L. 94–578, title I, § 101(5), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2732; Pub. L. 95–625, title III, § 322(d), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3489; Pub. L. 96–585, § 1(e), Dec. 23, 1980, 94 Stat. 3379.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e-9

§ 459e–10. Authority to accept donation of William Floyd Estate

The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to accept the donation of approximately six hundred and eleven acres of lands, submerged lands, islands, and marshlands or interests therein, known as the William Floyd Estate, located in the town of Brookhaven, county of Suffolk, and State of New York, delineated on a certain map entitled “Map of the Fire Island National Seashore, Including the William Floyd Estate”, numbered OGP–0003, dated May 1965, which map or a true copy thereof shall be filed with the Federal Register and may be examined in the offices of the Department of the Interior. Such donation may be accepted subject to such terms, covenants, and conditions as the Secretary finds will be in the public interest.

(Pub. L. 89–244, § 1, Oct. 9, 1965, 79 Stat. 967.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e-10

§ 459e–11. Authority to accept donation of main dwelling on William Floyd Estate; lease-back of donated property

The Secretary is also authorized to accept the donation of the main dwelling on said lands, which was the birthplace and residence of General William Floyd (a signer of the Declaration of Independence) and the furnishings therein and any outbuildings, subject to like terms, covenants, and conditions. The Secretary is authorized to lease said lands, dwellings, and outbuildings to the grantors thereof for a term of not more than twenty-five years, at $1 per annum, and during the period of the leasehold the Secretary may provide protective custody for such property.

(Pub. L. 89–244, § 2, Oct. 9, 1965, 79 Stat. 967.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e-11

§ 459e–12. Administration of property of William Floyd Estate; detached unit

Upon expiration or surrender of the aforesaid lease the property shall become a detached unit of the Fire Island National Seashore, and shall be administered, protected, and developed in accordance with the laws applicable thereto subject, with respect to said main dwelling and the furnishings therein, to such terms, covenants, and conditions which the Secretary shall have accepted and approved upon the donation thereof as in the public interest.

(Pub. L. 89–244, § 3, Oct. 9, 1965, 79 Stat. 967.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459e-12

§ 459f. Assateague Island National Seashore; purposes; description of area

For the purpose of protecting and developing Assateague Island in the States of Maryland and Virginia and certain adjacent waters and small marsh islands for public outdoor recreation use and enjoyment, the Assateague Island National Seashore (hereinafter referred to as the “seashore”) shall be established and administered in accordance with the provisions of sections 459f to 459f–11 of this title. The seashore shall comprise the area within Assateague Island and the small marsh islands adjacent thereto, together with the adjacent water areas not more than one-half mile beyond the mean high waterline of the land portions as generally depicted on a map identified as “Proposed Assateague Island National Seashore, Boundary Map, NS–AI–7100A, November, 1964”, which map shall be on file and available for public inspection in the offices of the Department of the Interior.

(Pub. L. 89–195, § 1, Sept. 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 824.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459f

§ 459f–1. Acquisition of property
(a) Authority of Secretary; manner and place; fair market value; concurrence of State owner; transfer from Federal agency to administrative jurisdiction of Secretary
(b) Exchange of property; cash equalization payments; scenic easement donation
(c) Bridge acquisition; amount of compensation; payment terms and conditions
(d) Owner’s reservation of right of use and occupancy for residential or hunting purposes for term of years; adjustment of compensation; rules and regulations for appearance of buildings; “improved property” defined
(Pub. L. 89–195, § 2, Sept. 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 824; Pub. L. 101–512, title I, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1924; Pub. L. 102–320, § 1(1)–(4), July 10, 1992, 106 Stat. 321.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459f-1

§ 459f–2. Compensation for bridge construction costs; acquisition of land for park purposes
(a) Bridge construction costs; compensation of State; limitation of amount
(b) Acquisition or lease of Federal lands for State park purposes; terms and conditions; reversion upon noncompliance; consideration for lease; amount of payment for conveyance of title and improvements; limitation of reimbursement for beach protection
(Pub. L. 89–195, § 3, Sept. 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 825.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459f-2

§ 459f–3. Establishment of Seashore; notice in Federal Register

When the Secretary determines that land, water areas, or interests therein within the area generally depicted on the map referred to in section 459f of this title are owned or have been acquired by the United States in sufficient quantities to provide an administrable unit, he shall declare the establishment of the Assateague Island National Seashore by publication of notice thereof in the Federal Register. Such notice shall contain a refined description or map of the boundaries of the seashore as the Secretary may find desirable, and the exterior boundaries shall encompass an area as nearly as practicable identical to the area described in section 459f of this title.

(Pub. L. 89–195, § 4, Sept. 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 825.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459f-3

§ 459f–4. Hunting and fishing provisions

The Secretary shall permit hunting and fishing on land and waters under his control within the seashore in accordance with the appropriate State laws, to the extent applicable, except that the Secretary may designate zones where, and establish periods when, no hunting or fishing shall be permitted for reasons of public safety, administration, fish or wildlife management or public use and enjoyment: Provided, That nothing in sections 459f to 459f–11 of this title, shall limit or interfere with the authority of the States to permit or to regulate shellfishing in any waters included in the national seashore: Provided further, That nothing in said sections shall add to or limit the authority of the Federal Government in its administration of Federal laws regulating migratory waterfowl. Except in emergencies, any regulations of the Secretary pursuant to this section shall be put into effect only after consultation with the appropriate State agency responsible for hunting and fishing activities. The provisions of this section shall not apply to the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge.

(Pub. L. 89–195, § 5, Sept. 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 826.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459f-4

§ 459f–5. Administration of Seashore
(a) Public outdoor recreation and enjoyment; utilization of other authorities
(b) Refuge land and waters; application of national wildlife refuge provisions; public recreation uses in accordance with provisions for national conservation recreational areas
(c) Cooperative agreements and technical assistance to protect seashore resources
(Pub. L. 89–195, § 6, Sept. 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 826; Pub. L. 102–320, § 1(5), July 10, 1992, 106 Stat. 321.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459f-5

§ 459f–6. Repealed. Pub. L. 94–578, title III, § 301, Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2733

CITE AS: 16 USC 459f-6

§ 459f–7. Beach erosion control and hurricane protection

The Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of the Army shall cooperate in the study and formulation of plans for beach erosion control and hurricane protection of the seashore; and any such protective works that are undertaken by the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, shall be carried out in accordance with a plan that is acceptable to the Secretary of the Interior and is consistent with the purposes of sections 459f to 459f–11 of this title.

(Pub. L. 89–195, § 8, Sept. 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 827.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459f-7

§ 459f–8. Repealed. Pub. L. 94–578, title III, § 301, Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2733

CITE AS: 16 USC 459f-8

§ 459f–9. Public utility facilities; purchase of facilities without value to utility; amount of payment

The Secretary of the Interior is authorized to purchase from a public utility any facilities of that utility which are no longer of value to it as a result of the establishment of the Assateague Island National Seashore and shall pay for such facilities an amount equal to the cost of constructing such facilities less depreciation.

(Pub. L. 89–195, § 10, Sept. 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 827.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459f-9

§ 459f–10. Authorization of appropriations

There are hereby authorized to be appropriated the sum of not more than $22,400,000 (including such sums, together with interest, as may be necessary to satisfy final judgments rendered against the United States) for the acquisition of lands and interests in land and such sums as may be necessary for the development of the area authorized under sections 459f to 459f–11 of this title.

(Pub. L. 89–195, § 11, Sept. 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 827; Pub. L. 92–272, title I, § 101(1), Apr. 11, 1972, 86 Stat. 120; Pub. L. 94–578, title I, § 101(2), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2732.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459f-10

§ 459f–11. Comprehensive plan for protection, management, and use of seashore
(a) Contents; transmittal to Congressional committees
Within two years of October 21, 1976, the Secretary shall develop and transmit to the Committees on Interior and Insular Affairs of the Senate and the House of Representatives a comprehensive plan for the protection, management, and use of the seashore, to include but not be limited to the following considerations:
(1) measures for the full protection and management of the natural resources and natural ecosystems of the seashore;
(2) present and proposed uses of the seashore and the lands and waters adjacent or related thereto, the uses of which would reasonably be expected to influence the administration, use, and environmental quality of the seashore;
(3) plans for the development of facilities necessary and appropriate for visitor use and enjoyment of the seashore, with identification of resource and user carrying capacities, along with the anticipated costs for all proposed development;
(4) plans for visitor transportation systems integrated and coordinated with lands and facilities adjacent to, but outside of, the seashore; and
(5) plans for fostering the development of cooperative agreements and land and resource use patterns outside the seashore which would be compatible with the protection and management of the seashore.
(b) Consultation by other Federal agencies with Secretary
(Pub. L. 89–195, § 12, as added Pub. L. 94–578, title III, § 301, Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2733.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459f-11

§ 459g. Cape Lookout National Seashore; purposes; authorization for establishment; description of area

In order to preserve for public use and enjoyment an area in the State of North Carolina possessing outstanding natural and recreational values, there is hereby authorized to be established the Cape Lookout National Seashore (hereinafter referred to as “seashore”), which shall comprise the lands and adjoining marshlands and waters on the outer banks of Carteret County, North Carolina, between Ocracoke Inlet and Beaufort Inlet, as generally depicted on the map entitled “Boundary Map, Cape Lookout National Seashore”, dated March 1974, and numbered 623–20,009, which is on file in the Office of the National Park Service, Department of the Interior.

(Pub. L. 89–366, § 1, Mar. 10, 1966, 80 Stat. 33; Pub. L. 93–477, title IV, § 406(1), Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1448.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459g

§ 459g–1. Acquisition of property
(a) Transfer from Federal agency to administrative jurisdiction of Secretary; non-Federal lands
(b) Exchange of property; cash equalization payments
(c) Owner’s reservation of right of use and occupancy for residential purposes for life or fixed term of years; exclusion of property necessary for public use and access; election of term
(d) Termination of use and occupancy inconsistent with statutory purposes and upon tender of sum for unexpired right
(e) Administrative site; landing dock and related approach or access facilities
(Pub. L. 89–366, § 2, Mar. 10, 1966, 80 Stat. 34; Pub. L. 93–477, title IV, § 406(2), Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1448.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459g-1

§ 459g–2. Establishment; notice in Federal Register; copies to Congress

When title to lands and interests in lands in an amount sufficient to constitute an efficiently administerable 1

1 So in original. Probably should be “administrable”.
unit for the purposes of sections 459g to 459g–7 of this title is vested in the United States, the Secretary shall declare the establishment of the seashore by publication of notice thereof in the Federal Register. Such notice shall contain a refined description or map of the boundaries of the seashore as the Secretary may find desirable and such exterior boundaries shall encompass, as nearly as possible, the area generally described in section 459g of this title. Copies of said description or map shall be furnished to the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate not less than thirty days prior to publication in the Federal Register. Following such establishment, and subject to the limitations and conditions prescribed in sections 459g to 459g–7 of this title, the Secretary may, subject to the provisions of section 459g–1 of this title, acquire the remainder of the lands and interests in lands within the boundaries of the seashore.

(Pub. L. 89–366, § 3, Mar. 10, 1966, 80 Stat. 35; Pub. L. 93–477, title IV, § 406(3), Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1448.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459g-2

§ 459g–3. Hunting and fishing provisions

The Secretary shall permit hunting and fishing, including shellfishing, on lands, marshlands, and waters under his jurisdiction within the Cape Lookout National Seashore in accordance with the laws of the State of North Carolina and the United States, to the extent applicable, except that the Secretary may designate zones where, and establish periods when, no hunting or fishing shall be permitted for reasons of public safety, administration, fish or wildlife management, or public use and enjoyment. Except in emergencies, any rules and regulations of the Secretary pursuant to this section shall be put into effect only after consultation with the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission and the North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development.

(Pub. L. 89–366, § 4, Mar. 10, 1966, 80 Stat. 35.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459g-3

§ 459g–4. Administration; public outdoor recreation and enjoyment; utilization of authorities for conservation and development of natural resources
(a) The Secretary shall administer the Cape Lookout National Seashore for the general purposes of public outdoor recreation, including conservation of natural features contributing to public enjoyment. In the administration of the seashore and the administrative site, the Secretary may utilize such statutory authorities relating to areas administered and supervised by the Secretary through the National Park Service and such statutory authorities otherwise available to him for the conservation and management of natural resources as he deems appropriate to carry out the purposes of sections 459g to 459g–7 of this title.
(b)
(1) The Secretary, in accordance with this subsection, shall allow a herd of not less than 110 free roaming horses, with a target population of between 120 and 130 free roaming horses, in Cape Lookout National Seashore (hereinafter referred to as the “Seashore”): Provided, That nothing in this section shall be construed to preclude the Secretary from implementing or enforcing the provisions of paragraph (3).
(2) Within 180 days after July 16, 1998, the Secretary shall enter into an agreement with the Foundation for Shackleford Horses (a nonprofit corporation established under the laws of the State of North Carolina), or another qualified nonprofit entity, to provide for management of free roaming horses in the seashore. The agreement shall—
(A) provide for cost-effective management of the horses while ensuring that natural resources within the seashore are not adversely impacted; and
(B) allow the authorized entity to adopt any of those horses that the Secretary removes from the seashore.
(3) The Secretary shall not remove, assist in, or permit the removal of any free roaming horses from Federal lands within the boundaries of the seashore—
(A) unless the entity with whom the Secretary has entered into the agreement under paragraph (2), following notice and a 90-day response period, fails to meet the terms and conditions of the agreement; or
(B) unless removal is carried out as part of a plan to maintain the viability of the herd; or
(C) except in the case of an emergency, or to protect public health and safety.
(4) The Secretary shall annually monitor, assess, and make available to the public findings regarding the population, structure, and health of the free roaming horses in the national seashore.
(5) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to require the Secretary to replace horses or otherwise increase the number of horses within the boundaries of the seashore where the herd numbers fall below 110 as a result of natural causes, including, but not limited to, disease or natural disasters.
(6) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as creating liability for the United States for any damages caused by the free roaming horses to property located inside or outside the boundaries of the seashore.
(Pub. L. 89–366, § 5, Mar. 10, 1966, 80 Stat. 35; Pub. L. 105–202, § 2, July 16, 1998, 112 Stat. 676; Pub. L. 105–229, § 1, Aug. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 1517; Pub. L. 109–117, § 1, Dec. 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 2526.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459g-4

§ 459g–5. Shore erosion control or beach protection measures

The authority of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, to undertake or contribute to shore erosion control or beach protection measures within the Cape Lookout National Seashore shall be exercised in accordance with a plan that is mutually acceptable to the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of the Army, and that is consistent with the purposes of sections 459g to 459g–7 of this title.

(Pub. L. 89–366, § 6, Mar. 10, 1966, 80 Stat. 35.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459g-5

§ 459g–6. Preservation and designation as wilderness; review of area by Secretary; report to President

On or before January 1, 1978, the Secretary shall review the area within the seashore and shall report to the President, in accordance with section 1132(c) and (d) of this title, his recommendations as to the suitability or nonsuitability of any area within the seashore for preservation as wilderness, and any designation of any such areas as a wilderness shall be accomplished in accordance with section 1132(c) and (d) of this title.

(Pub. L. 89–366, § 7, Mar. 10, 1966, 80 Stat. 35; Pub. L. 93–477, title IV, § 406(4), Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1449.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459g-6

§ 459g–7. Authorization of appropriations; master plan to Congressional committees; time; contents
There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of sections 459g to 459g–7 of this title, not to exceed $13,903,000 for acquisition of lands and interests therein, of which no more than $1,000,000 may be expended for acquisition of lands owned by Core Banks Club Properties, Incorporated. For development of essential public facilities there are authorized to be appropriated not more than $2,935,000. On or before January 1, 1978, the Secretary shall develop and transmit to the Committees on Interior and Insular Affairs of the United States Congress a final master plan for the full development of the seashore consistent with the preservation objectives of sections 459g to 459g–7 of this title, indicating—
(1) the facilities needed to accommodate the health, safety and recreation needs of the visiting public;
(2) the location and estimated cost of all facilities; and
(3) the projected need for any additional facilities within the seashore.
(Pub. L. 89–366, § 8, as added Pub. L. 93–477, title IV, § 406(5), Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1449; amended Pub. L. 98–141, § 4, Oct. 31, 1983, 97 Stat. 909.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459g-7

§ 459h. Gulf Islands National Seashore
(a) Establishment
(b) Composition
(1) In general
(2) Areas included in boundary plan numbered NS–GI–7100J
The areas described in this paragraph are the following gulf coast islands and mainland areas, together with adjacent water areas as generally depicted on the drawing entitled “Proposed Boundary Plan, Proposed Gulf Islands National Seashore,” numbered NS–GI–7100J, and dated December 1970:
(A) Ship, Petit Bois, and Horn Islands in Mississippi;
(B) the eastern portion of Perdido Key in Florida;
(C) Santa Rosa Island in Florida;
(D) the Naval Live Oaks Reservation in Florida;
(E) Fort Pickens and the Fort Pickens State Park in Florida; and
(F) a tract of land in the Pensacola Naval Air Station in Florida that includes the Coast Guard Station and Lighthouse, Fort San Carlos, Fort Barrancas, and Fort Redoubt and sufficient surrounding land for proper administration and protection of the historic resources.
(3) Cat Island
(4) Availability of Map
(Pub. L. 91–660, § 1, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1967; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(4) [div. B, title I, § 137(a)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–231.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459h

§ 459h–1. Acquisition of property
(a) Authority of Secretary; concurrence of State owner; administrative site and related facilities; transfer from Federal agency to administrative jurisdiction of Secretary
(b) Improved residential property owner’s reservation of right of use and occupancy for residential purposes for life or fixed term of years; election by owner; transfer or assignment of right; adjustment of compensation
(c) “Improved residential property” defined
(d) Termination of use and occupancy inconsistent with statutory purposes and upon tender of sum for unexpired right
(e) Acquisition authority
(1) In general
The Secretary may acquire, from a willing seller only—
(A) all land comprising the parcel described in subsection (b)(3) 2
2 See References in Text note below.
that is above the mean line of ordinary high tide, lying and being situated in Harrison County, Mississippi;
(B) an easement over the approximately 150-acre parcel depicted as the “Boddie Family Tract” on the Cat Island Map for the purpose of implementing an agreement with the owners of the parcel concerning the development and use of the parcel; and
(C)
(i) land and interests in land on Cat Island outside the 2,000-acre area depicted on the Cat Island Map; and
(ii) submerged land that lies within 1 mile seaward of Cat Island (referred to in sections 459h to 459h–10 of this title 2 as the “buffer zone”), except that submerged land owned by the State of Mississippi (or a subdivision of the State) may be acquired only by donation.
(2) Administration
(A) In general
(B) Buffer zone
(3) Modification of boundary
(Pub. L. 91–660, § 2, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1967; Pub. L. 92–275, § 1(1), Apr. 20, 1972, 86 Stat. 123; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(4) [div. B, title I, § 137(b)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–231.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459h-1

§ 459h–2. Designation of hunting and fishing zones; regulation of maritime activities
(a) In general
(b) No authority to regulate maritime activities
(Pub. L. 91–660, § 3, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1968; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(4) [div. B, title I, § 137(c)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–232.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459h-2

§ 459h–3. Rights-of-way or easements for transportation of oil and gas minerals

Any acquisition of lands, waters, or interests therein shall not diminish any existing rights-of-way or easements which are necessary for the transportation of oil and gas minerals through the seashore which oil and gas minerals are removed from outside the boundaries thereof; and, the Secretary, subject to appropriate regulations for the protection of the natural and recreational values for which the seashore is established, shall permit such additional rights-of-way or easements as he deems necessary and proper.

(Pub. L. 91–660, § 4, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1968.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459h-3

§ 459h–4. Administration of seashore; conservation and management of wildlife and natural resources; authority to designate areas as national historic sites; agreements
(a) In general
(b) Agreements
(1) In general
The Secretary may enter into agreements—
(A) with the State of Mississippi for the purposes of managing resources and providing law enforcement assistance, subject to authorization by State law, and emergency services on or within any land on Cat Island and any water and submerged land within the buffer zone; and
(B) with the owners of the approximately 150-acre parcel depicted as the “Boddie Family Tract” on the Cat Island Map concerning the development and use of the land.
(2) No authority to enforce certain regulations
(Pub. L. 91–660, § 5, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1968; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(4) [div. B, title I, § 137(d)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–232.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459h-4

§ 459h–5. Beach erosion control and hurricane protection; study and formulation of plans; activities by Chief of Engineers, Department of Army

The Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of the Army may cooperate in the study and formulation of plans for beach erosion control and hurricane protection of the seashore. Any such protective works or spoil deposit activities undertaken by the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, shall be carried out within the seashore in accordance with a plan that is acceptable to the Secretary of the Interior and that is consistent with the purposes of sections 459h to 459h–10 of this title.

(Pub. L. 91–660, § 6, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1969.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459h-5

§ 459h–6. Transfer of Horn Island and Petit Bois National Wildlife Refuges from National Wildlife Refuge System; administration
(a) There are hereby transferred from the National Wildlife Refuge System to the seashore the Horn Island and Petit Bois National Wildlife Refuges to be administered in accordance with the provisions of sections 459h to 459h–10 of this title.
(b) If any of the Federal land on Santa Rosa or Okaloosa Island, Florida, under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense is ever excess to the needs of the Armed Forces, the Secretary of Defense shall transfer the excess land to the administrative jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior, subject to the terms and conditions acceptable to the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Defense. The Secretary of the Interior shall administer the transferred land as part of the seashore in accordance with the provisions of sections 459h to 459h–10 of this title.
(Pub. L. 91–660, § 7, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1969; Pub. L. 109–163, div. B, title XXVIII, § 2872(b), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3535.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459h-6

§ 459h–7. Preservation of any area as wilderness; study and report to President; procedure for designation of any area as a wilderness

Within four years from January 8, 1971, the Secretary of the Interior shall review the area within the Gulf Islands National Seashore and shall report to the President, in accordance with subsections (c) and (d) of section 1132 of this title, and recommend as to the suitability or nonsuitability of any area within the seashore for preservation as wilderness, and any designation of any such area as a wilderness shall be accomplished in accordance with said subsections.

(Pub. L. 91–660, § 8, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1969.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459h-7

§ 459h–8. Authority of Department of Army or Chief of Engineers over navigation or related matters

No provision of sections 459h to 459h–10 of this title, or of any other Act made applicable thereby, shall be construed to affect, supersede, or modify any authority of the Department of the Army or the Chief of Engineers, with respect to navigation or related matters except as specifically provided in section 459h–5 of this title.

(Pub. L. 91–660, § 9, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1969.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459h-8

§ 459h–9. Gulf Islands National Seashore Advisory Commission; establishment; termination; membership; term; Chairman; compensation and payment of expenses; consultation by Secretary
There is hereby established a Gulf Islands National Seashore Advisory Commission. The Commission shall terminate ten years after the date the seashore is established pursuant to sections 459h to 459h–10 of this title. The Commission shall be composed of three members from each county in which the seashore is located, each appointed for a term of two years by the Secretary as follows:
(1) one member to be appointed from recommendations made by the county commissioners in the respective counties;
(2) one member to be appointed from recommendations made by the Governor of the State from each county; and
(3) one member to be designated by the Secretary from each county.
The Secretary shall designate one member to be Chairman. Any vacancy in the Commission shall be filled in the same manner in which the original appointment was made.
Members of the Commission shall serve without compensation as such. The Secretary is authorized to pay the expenses reasonably incurred by the Commission in carrying out its responsibilities under sections 459h to 459h–10 of this title on vouchers signed by the Chairman.
The Secretary or his designee shall, from time to time, consult with the Commission with respect to the matters relating to the development of the Gulf Islands National Seashore.
(Pub. L. 91–660, § 10, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1969.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459h-9

§ 459h–10. Authorization of appropriations
(a) In general
(b) Authorization for acquisition of land
(Pub. L. 91–660, § 11, Jan. 8, 1971, 84 Stat. 1970; Pub. L. 92–275, § 1(2), Apr. 20, 1972, 86 Stat. 123; Pub. L. 94–578, title I, § 101(6), Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2732; Pub. L. 95–625, title I, § 101(13), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3471; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(4) [div. B, title I, § 137(e)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–232.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459h-10

§ 459i. Cumberland Island National Seashore; establishment; boundary revisions: notification of Congressional committees, publication in Federal Register

(Pub. L. 92–536, § 1, Oct. 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 1066; Pub. L. 95–625, title III, § 323, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3489; Pub. L. 98–170, Nov. 29, 1983, 97 Stat. 1116; Pub. L. 103–437, § 6(l), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4586.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459i

§ 459i–1. Acquisition of lands; authority of Secretary; mainland lands for access to seashore administrative and visitor facilities; State lands; transfer from Federal agency to administrative jurisdiction of Secretary

Within the boundaries of the seashore, the Secretary may acquire lands, waters, and interests therein by purchase, donation, transfer from any Federal agency, or exchange. The Secretary may also acquire not to exceed one hundred acres of lands or interests in lands on the mainland to provide access to the administrative and visitor facilities for the seashore. Any lands or interests therein owned by the State of Georgia, or any political subdivision thereof may be acquired only by donation. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any Federal property located within the boundaries of the seashore may, with the concurrence of the agency having custody thereof, be transferred without transfer of funds to the administrative jurisdiction of the Secretary for the purposes of the seashore.

(Pub. L. 92–536, § 2, Oct. 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 1066.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459i-1

§ 459i–2. Cumberland Island Parkway; right-of-way; administration; regulations

For the purpose of providing access from Interstate 95 to the mainland administrative and visitor facilities of the seashore, the Secretary may designate as the Cumberland Island Parkway a right-of-way, together with adjacent or related sites for public noncommercial recreational use and for interpretation of scenic and historic values, of not more than one thousand acres of lands, waters, and interests therein. The Secretary is authorized to acquire only by donation those lands and interests therein, and other property comprising such right-of-way, and adjacent or related sites as he may designate pursuant to sections 459i to 459i–9 of this title for the development, hereby authorized, of a roadway of parkway standards, including necessary bridges, spurs, connecting roads, access roads, and other facilities, and for the development and interpretation of recreation areas and historic sites in connection therewith. Lands acquired for the parkway shall be administered as a part of the seashore, subject to all laws and regulations applicable thereto, and subject to such special regulations as the Secretary may promulgate for the parkway.

(Pub. L. 92–536, § 3, Oct. 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 1066.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459i-2

§ 459i–3. Acquisition of property
(a) Private right of use and occupancy for residential purposes for fixed term of years or for life; election by owner; exception of property for visitor facilities or administration of seashore; compensation; contemporaneous restriction on development of public use facilities; lands, waters, and interests from National Park Foundation
(b) Commercial use prohibition; termination of use and occupancy upon tender of compensation
(c) “Improved property” defined
(d) Little Cumberland Island; acquisition restrictions
(1) In order to provide an opportunity for the establishment of a natural and scenic preserve by voluntary private action of certain owners of lands within the seashore, and notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein contained, no lands or interests in lands shall be acquired on Little Cumberland Island without the consent of the owner, for a period of one year from October 23, 1972, except as specifically otherwise provided herein.
(2) In the event that the owners of land on Little Cumberland Island enter into an irrevocable trust or some other irrevocable agreement for the preservation of the resources of Little Cumberland Island which, in the judgment of the Secretary, assures the protection of the resources in a manner consistent with the purposes for which the seashore is established, the authority of the Secretary to acquire such lands shall be suspended for such time as the trust is in effect and the lands are used and occupied in accordance therewith.
(3) If, at any time during the one-year period following October 23, 1972, the Secretary determines that any lands on Little Cumberland Island are threatened with development, or other uses, inconsistent with the establishment or continuation of the trust herein referred to, then the Secretary may acquire such lands, or interests therein, by any of the methods provided for in section 459i–1 of this title.
(Pub. L. 92–536, § 4, Oct. 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 1066.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459i-3

§ 459i–4. Hunting and fishing

The Secretary shall permit hunting, fishing, and trapping on lands and waters under his jurisdiction within the boundaries of the seashore in accordance with the appropriate laws of Georgia and the United States to the extent applicable, except that he may designate zones where, and establish periods when, no hunting, fishing, or trapping shall be permitted for reasons of public safety, administration, fish and wildlife management, or public use and enjoyment. Except in emergencies, any regulations prescribing any such restrictions shall be put into effect only after consultation with the appropriate State agency responsible for hunting, fishing, and trapping activities.

(Pub. L. 92–536, § 5, Oct. 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 1068.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459i-4

§ 459i–5. Administration, protection, and development
(a) Applicability of provisions; utilization of statutory authorities
(b) Preservation in primitive state; recreational activities exception
(c) Tours of the seashore
Notwithstanding subsection (b), the Secretary may enter into not more than 3 concession contracts, as the Secretary determines appropriate, for the provision of tours for visitors to the seashore that are consistent with—
(1) sections 459i to 459i–9 of this title;
(2) the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.); and
(3)Public Law 97–250 (96 Stat. 709).
(Pub. L. 92–536, § 6, Oct. 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 1068; Pub. L. 108–447, div. E, title I, § 145(b), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3073; Pub. L. 114–289, title VI, § 601(c), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1491.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459i-5

§ 459i–6. State and local jurisdiction

Nothing in sections 459i to 459i–9 of this title shall deprive the State of Georgia or any political subdivision thereof of its civil or criminal jurisdiction over persons found, acts performed, and offenses committed within the boundaries of the seashore, or of its right to tax persons, corporations, franchises, or other non-Federal property on lands included therein.

(Pub. L. 92–536, § 7, Oct. 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 1068.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459i-6

§ 459i–7. Water resource developments

The authority of the Secretary of the Army to undertake or contribute to water resource developments, including shore erosion control, beach protection and navigation improvements on land and/or waters within the Cumberland Island National Seashore shall be exercised in accordance with plans which are mutually acceptable to the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of the Army and which are consistent with both the purpose of sections 459i to 459i–9 of this title and the purpose of existing statutes dealing with water and related land resource development.

(Pub. L. 92–536, § 8, Oct. 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 1068.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459i-7

§ 459i–8. Report to President

Within three years from October 23, 1972, the Secretary of the Interior shall report to the President, in accordance with section 1132(c) and (d) of this title, his recommendations as to the suitability or nonsuitability of any area within the national seashore for preservation as wilderness, and any designation of any such area as a wilderness shall be accomplished in accordance with said section 1132(c) and (d) of this title.

(Pub. L. 92–536, § 9, Oct. 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 1068.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459i-8

§ 459i–9. Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated not to exceed $28,500,000 for the acquisition of lands and interests in lands and not to exceed $27,840,000 for development of the seashore.

(Pub. L. 92–536, § 10, Oct. 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 1068; Pub. L. 95–625, title II, § 201(3), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3473.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459i-9

§ 459j. Canaveral National Seashore; establishment; boundary; boundary revisions; limitation on area

In order to preserve and protect the outstanding natural, scenic, scientific, ecologic, and historic values of certain lands, shoreline, and waters of the State of Florida, and to provide for public outdoor recreation use and enjoyment of the same, there is hereby established the Canaveral National Seashore (hereinafter referred to as the “seashore”), as generally depicted on the map entitled “Boundary Map, Canaveral National Seashore”, dated August 1974 and numbered NS–CAN–40,000A. Such seashore shall comprise approximately sixty-seven thousand five hundred acres within the area more particularly described by a line beginning at the intersection of State Highway 3 and State Road 402, thence generally easterly following State Road 402 to a point one-half mile offshore in the Atlantic Ocean, thence northwesterly along a line which is at each point one-half mile distant from the high water mark to Bethune Beach, thence inland in a generally westerly direction through Turner Flats and Shipyard Canal, thence northwesterly to the Intracoastal Waterway, thence southerly along the Intracoastal Waterway to the boundary of the Kennedy Space Center, thence southwesterly to United States Highway 1, thence southerly along State Highway 3 to the point of beginning. The boundary map shall be on file and available for public inspection in the offices of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and National Park Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, District of Columbia. After advising the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives, in writing, at least sixty days prior to making any boundary revisions, the Secretary may from time to time make minor revisions in the boundaries of the seashore by publication of a revised map or other boundary description in the Federal Register: Provided, That the total acreage included within the boundaries shall not exceed that enumerated in this section.

(Pub. L. 93–626, § 1, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2121; Pub. L. 103–437, § 6(a)(4), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4583.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459j

§ 459j–1. Acquisition of property; donation and development of State lands; transfer from Federal agency to administrative jurisdiction of Secretary; written cooperative agreement with National Aeronautics and Space Administration; construction and development; report to Congressional committees

Within the boundaries of the seashore, the Secretary may acquire lands, waters, and interests therein by donation, purchase with donated or appropriated funds, exchange, or transfer. Any property owned by the State of Florida or any political subdivision thereof may be acquired only by donation. It is the intent and purpose of sections 459j to 459j–8 of this title that the Secretary shall have sole authority to develop and improve those State owned lands donated now and in the future in accordance with the intent and purposes of sections 459j to 459j–8 of this title. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any federally owned property within the boundaries of the seashore may, with the concurrence of the agency having custody thereof, be transferred without consideration to the administrative jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior and he may develop and administer such lands in a manner consistent with the purposes of sections 459j to 459j–8 of this title. In accepting lands transferred by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration pursuant to sections 459j to 459j–8 of this title the Secretary shall enter into a written cooperative agreement with the Administrator to assure the use of such lands in a manner which is deemed consistent with the public safety and with the needs of the space and defense programs of the Nation: Provided

(Pub. L. 93–626, § 2, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2122; Pub. L. 103–437, § 6(o), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4586.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459j-1

§ 459j–2. Improved property
(a) Owner’s reservation of right of use and occupancy for residential purposes for life or fixed term of years; exception of property for visitor facilities, access to, or administration of seashore; compensation
(b) Termination of use and occupancy upon inconsistent use; tender of compensation
(c) “Improved property” defined
(d) Condemnation as means for acquiring clear and marketable title
(Pub. L. 93–626, § 3, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2123.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459j-2

§ 459j–3. Designation of hunting, fishing and trapping zones; regulations; consultation with appropriate State agencies

The Secretary shall permit hunting, fishing, and trapping on lands and waters under his jurisdiction within the boundaries of the seashore in accordance with the appropriate laws of the State of Florida and the United States to the extent applicable, except that he may designate zones where, and establish periods when, no hunting, fishing, or trapping shall be permitted for reasons of public safety, administration, fish and wildlife management, public use and enjoyment, protection of the resource, or competing public use. Except in emergencies, any regulations prescribing any such restrictions shall be put into effect only after consultation with the appropriate State agency responsible for hunting, fishing, and trapping activities.

(Pub. L. 93–626, § 4, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2123.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459j-3

§ 459j–4. Administration, protection, and development
(a) Conservation and management of natural resources
(b) Administration of lands in Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge
(c) Division of management authority between National Park Service and United States Fish and Wildlife Service
The Secretary shall cause to be issued a well defined division of management authority between the National Park Service and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is the intent and purpose of sections 459j to 459j–8 of this title that such management authority, generally, shall be as follows:
(1) The National Park Service shall administer those lands and waters described as follows: beginning at the intersection of State Highway 3 and State Road 402; thence easterly along State Road 402 and continuing easterly in a straight line to a point one-half mile offshore in the Atlantic Ocean, following the southern boundary of the seashore created in section 1; thence northwesterly along the boundary of the seashore created in section 1, which line is at each point one-half mile distance from the high water mark, to Bethune Beach; thence inland in a generally, westerly direction through Turner Flats and Shipyard Canal; thence northwesterly to the Intracoastal Waterway; thence southerly along the Intracoastal Waterway to the boundary of the Kennedy Space Center; then southwesterly to United States Highway 1; thence southerly along State Highway 3 to the northern boundary of H. M. Gomez Grant; thence easterly along the northern boundary of H. M. Gomez Grant and continuing easterly in a straight line to a point of intersection with the line between the marsh and the dunes; thence southerly along the line between the marsh and the dunes to a point approximately one-half mile north of the southern boundary of the seashore created in section 1; thence westerly in a straight line to connect with and to follow the Government Railroad to its intersection with State Highway 3; thence southerly along State Highway 3 to the point of beginning. The portion of land bounded by the northern boundary of the H. M. Gomez Grant is hereby transferred to the Secretary of the Interior and may be used for the purpose of establishing such facilities as are needed for the administration of the seashore, for the construction of the principal visitor center which shall be designated as the “Spessard L. Holland Visitor Center”, and for a central access to the seashore: Provided, however, That the Secretary of the Interior, upon the request of the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, shall close this area or any part thereof to the public when necessary for space operations. In administering the shoreline and adjacent lands the Secretary shall retain such lands in their natural and primitive condition, shall prohibit vehicular traffic on the beach except for administrative purposes, and shall develop only those facilities which he deems essential for public health and safety.
(2) The United States Fish and Wildlife Service shall administer the remaining lands described in section 459j of this title.
(Pub. L. 93–626, § 5, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2123.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459j-4

§ 459j–5. Canaveral National Seashore Advisory Commission
(a) Establishment; duties; termination; membership; term of members; appointment; Chairman
There is hereby established the Canaveral National Seashore Advisory Commission which shall consult and advise with the Secretary on all matters of planning, development, and operation of the seashore and shall provide such other advice and assistance as may be useful in carrying out the purposes of sections 459j to 459j–8 of this title. The Commission shall terminate ten years after the date the seashore is established pursuant to sections 459j to 459j–8 of this title, unless extended by the Congress. The Commission shall be composed of six members who shall serve for terms of two years. Members shall be appointed by the Secretary, one of whom he shall designate as Chairman, in the following manner:
(1) one member from each county in which the seashore is located, to be selected from recommendations made by the county commission in each county;
(2) two members representing the State of Florida who shall be selected from recommendations made by the Governor of Florida; and
(3) two members representing the general public: Provided, That one member shall be appointed from each county in which the seashore is located.
(b) Meetings; vacancies
(c) Compensation; payment of expenses upon vouchers
(Pub. L. 93–626, § 6, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2124; Pub. L. 94–398, Sept. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1204.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459j-5

§ 459j–6. Transfer of lands for use as administrative and visitor facilities to Secretary of the Interior; use of portion of John F. Kennedy Space Center; transfer of excess land within seashore to Secretary of the Interior

On January 3, 1975, those lands to be used for the administrative and visitor facilities described in section 459j–4(c)(1) of this title shall be transferred by sections 459j to 459j–8 of this title to the Secretary of the Interior and those portions of the John F. Kennedy Space Center falling within the boundaries of the seashore as defined in section 459j of this title shall become a part of the seashore, and within ninety days thereafter, the Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, shall grant to the Secretary for carrying out the intent and purpose of sections 459j to 459j–8 of this title such use of said portions as the Administrator determines is not inconsistent with public safety and the needs of the space and defense programs of the Nation. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any lands within the seashore which the Administrator determines to be excess to the needs of such agency shall be transferred to the Secretary of the Interior for administration in accordance with the provisions of sections 459j to 459j–8 of this title: Provided, That any portions of the John F. Kennedy Space Center within the seashore not transferred to the Secretary shall remain under the control and jurisdiction of the Administrator.

(Pub. L. 93–626, § 7, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2125.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459j-6

§ 459j–7. Report to President

Within three years from January 3, 1975, the Secretary shall review the area within the seashore and shall report to the President, in accordance with section 1132(c) and (d) of this title, his recommendations as to the suitability or nonsuitability of any area within the seashore for preservation as wilderness, and any designation of any such areas as a wilderness shall be accomplished in accordance with section 1132(c) and (d) of this title.

(Pub. L. 93–626, § 8, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2125.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459j-7

§ 459j–8. Authorization of appropriations; reports to Congressional committees
(a) Acquisition of lands and interests in lands
There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of sections 459j to 459j–8 of this title, but not more than $7,941,000 for the acquisition of lands and interests in lands. In order to avoid excessive costs resulting from delays in the acquisition program, the Secretary shall make every reasonable effort to promptly acquire the privately owned lands within the seashore. Until all such lands are acquired, he shall report, in writing on June 30 of each year to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives, the following information:
(1) the amount of land acquired during the current fiscal year and the amount expended therefor;
(2) the amount of land remaining to be acquired; and
(3) the amount of land programed for acquisition in the ensuing fiscal year and the estimated cost thereof.
(b) Development of essential public facilities
(Pub. L. 93–626, § 9, Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2125; Pub. L. 100–564, § 2, Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2831; Pub. L. 103–437, § 6(m), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4586.)

CITE AS: 16 USC 459j-8