16 USC 971 - Research on Atlantic highly migratory species

Collapse to view only § 971i. Research on Atlantic highly migratory species

§ 971. Definitions
§ 971a. Commissioners
§ 971b. Advisory committee
§ 971b-1. Species working groups
§ 971c. Authority of Secretary of State; cooperative enforcement agreements
§ 971d. Administration
§ 971e. Violations
§ 971f. Enforcement
§ 971g. Cooperation in carrying out Convention
§ 971h. Authorization of appropriations
§ 971i. Research on Atlantic highly migratory species
§ 971j. Repealed.
§ 971k. Savings clause

§ 971. Definitions

For the purpose of this chapter—

(1) The term “Convention” means the International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, signed at Rio de Janeiro May 14, 1966, including any amendments or protocols which are or become effective for the United States.

(2) The term “Commission” means the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas provided for in article III of the Convention.

(3) The term “conservation recommendation” means any recommendation of the Commission made pursuant to Article VIII of the Convention and acted upon favorably by the Secretary of State under section 971c(a) of this title.

(4) The term “Council” means the Council established within the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas pursuant to article V of the Convention.

(5) The term “exclusive economic zone” means an exclusive economic zone as defined in section 1802 of this title.

(6) The term “fishing” means the catching, taking, or fishing for or the attempted catching, taking, or fishing for any species of fish covered by the Convention, or any activities in support thereof.

(7) The term “fishing vessel” means any vessel engaged in catching fish or processing or transporting fish loaded on the high seas, or any vessel outfitted for such activities.

(8) The term “Panel” means any panel established by the Commission pursuant to article VI of the Convention.

(9) The term “person” means every individual, partnership, corporation, and association subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.

(10) The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Commerce.

(11) The term “State” includes each of the States of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the territories and possessions of the United States.

(Pub. L. 94–70, § 2, Aug. 5, 1975, 89 Stat. 385; Pub. L. 94–265, title IV, § 405(a), Apr. 13, 1976, 90 Stat. 361; Pub. L. 95–33, § 2, May 26, 1977, 91 Stat. 173; Pub. L. 104–43, title III, § 303(1), (2), Nov. 3, 1995, 109 Stat. 384; Pub. L. 105–384, title II, § 202(b)(1)(A), (F), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3452, 3453.)

§ 971a. Commissioners

(a) Appointment and number; selection of Chairman; rules of procedure; term

(1) The United States shall be represented by not more than three Commissioners who shall serve as delegates of the United States on the Commission, and who may serve on the Council and Panels of the Commission as provided for in the Convention. Such Commissioners shall be appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the President. Not more than one such Commissioner shall be a salaried employee of any State or political subdivision thereof, or the Federal Government. Individuals serving as such Commissioners shall not be considered to be Federal employees while performing such service, except for purposes of injury compensation or tort claims liability as provided in chapter 81 of title 5 and chapter 171 of title 28. The Commissioners shall be entitled to select a Chairman and to adopt such rules of procedure as they find necessary.

(2) Of the Commissioners appointed under paragraph (1) who are not governmental employees—

(A) one shall be appointed from among individuals with knowledge and experience regarding commercial fishing in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, or Caribbean Sea; and

(B) one shall be appointed from among individuals with knowledge and experience regarding recreational fishing in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, or Caribbean Sea.

(3)

(A) The term of a Commissioner shall be three years.

(B) An individual appointed in accordance with paragraph (2) shall not be eligible to serve more than two consecutive terms as a Commissioner.

(b) Alternate Commissioners

(d) Travel expenses

(1) The Secretary of State shall pay the necessary travel expenses of United States Commissioners, Alternate United States Commissioners, and authorized advisors in accordance with the Federal Travel Regulations and sections 5701, 5702, 5704 through 5708, and 5731 of title 5.

(2) The Secretary may reimburse the Secretary of State for amounts expended by the Secretary of State under this subsection.

(e) Sense of Congress regarding fish habitat

(Pub. L. 94–70, § 3, Aug. 5, 1975, 89 Stat. 385; Pub. L. 101–627, title II, §§ 201(a), 203, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4459, 4460; Pub. L. 106–562, title III, § 303, Dec. 23, 2000, 114 Stat. 2806; Pub. L. 109–479, title IV, § 405(c), Jan. 12, 2007, 120 Stat. 3633.)

§ 971b. Advisory committee

(a) There is established an advisory committee which shall be composed of—

(1) not less than five nor more than twenty individuals appointed by the United States Commissioners who shall select such individuals from the various groups concerned with the fisheries covered by the Convention; and

(2) the chairmen (or their designees) of the New England, Mid-Atlantic, South Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf Fishery Management Councils established under section 302(a) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1852(a)).

Each member of the advisory committee appointed under paragraph (1) shall serve for a term of two years and shall be eligible for reappointment. Members of the advisory committee may attend all public meetings of the Commission, Council, or any Panel and any other meetings to which they are invited by the Commission, Council, or any Panel. The advisory committee shall be invited to attend all nonexecutive meetings of the United States Commissioners and at such meetings shall be given opportunity to examine and to be heard on all proposed programs of investigation, reports, recommendations, and regulations of the Commission. Members of the advisory committee shall receive no compensation for their services as such members. The Secretary and the Secretary of State may pay the necessary travel expenses of members of the advisory committee in accordance with the Federal Travel Regulations and sections 5701, 5702, 5704 through 5708, and 5731 of title 5.

(b)

(1) A majority of the members of the advisory committee shall constitute a quorum, but one or more such members designated by the advisory committee may hold meetings to provide for public participation and to discuss measures relating to the United States implementation of Commission recommendations.

(2) The advisory committee shall elect a Chairman for a 2-year term from among its members.

(3) The advisory committee shall meet at appropriate times and places at least twice a year, at the call of the Chairman or upon the request of the majority of its voting members, the United States Commissioners, the Secretary, or the Secretary of State. Meetings of the advisory committee, except when in executive session, shall be open to the public, and prior notice of meetings shall be made public in a timely fashion.

(4)

(A) The Secretary shall provide to the advisory committee in a timely manner such administrative and technical support services as are necessary for the effective functioning of the committee.

(B) The Secretary and the Secretary of State shall furnish the advisory committee with relevant information concerning fisheries and international fishery agreements.

(5) The advisory committee shall determine its organization, and prescribe its practices and procedures for carrying out its functions under this chapter, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.), and the Convention. The advisory committee shall publish and make available to the public a statement of its organization, practices, and procedures.

(6) The advisory committee shall, to the maximum extent practicable, consist of an equitable balance among the various groups concerned with the fisheries covered by the Convention and shall not be subject to chapter 10 of title 5.

(Pub. L. 94–70, § 4, Aug. 5, 1975, 89 Stat. 386; Pub. L. 96–339, § 1(1), Sept. 4, 1980, 94 Stat. 1069; Pub. L. 96–561, title II, § 238(b), Dec. 22, 1980, 94 Stat. 3300; Pub. L. 101–627, title II, § 204, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4460; Pub. L. 104–43, title III, § 304, Nov. 3, 1995, 109 Stat. 384; Pub. L. 105–384, title II, § 202(b)(1)(F), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3453; Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(a)(106), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4317.)

§ 971b–1. Species working groups

The United States Commissioners may establish species working groups for the purpose of providing advice and recommendations to the Commissioners and the advisory committee on matters relating to the conservation and management of any highly migratory species covered by the Convention. Any species working group shall consist of no more than seven members of the advisory committee and no more than four scientific or technical personnel, as considered necessary by the Commissioner.

(Pub. L. 94–70, § 4A, as added Pub. L. 101–627, title II, § 205, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4460.)

§ 971c. Authority of Secretary of State; cooperative enforcement agreements

(a) Recommendations from Commission

(b) Enforcement agreements

(Pub. L. 94–70, § 5, Aug. 5, 1975, 89 Stat. 386; Pub. L. 104–43, title III, § 303(3), Nov. 3, 1995, 109 Stat. 384; Pub. L. 105–384, title II, § 202(b)(1)(B), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3452.)

§ 971d. Administration

(a) Regulations; cooperation with other parties to Convention; utilization of personnel, services, and facilities for enforcement

(b) Primary enforcement responsibility

(1)

(A) Upon favorable action by the Secretary of State under section 971c(a) of this title on any recommendation of the Commission made pursuant to article VIII of the Convention, the Secretary shall promulgate, pursuant to this subsection, such regulations as may be necessary and appropriate to carry out such recommendation.

(B) Not later than June 30, 1991, the Secretary shall promulgate any additional regulations necessary to ensure that the United States is in full compliance with all recommendations made by the Commission that have been accepted by the United States and with other agreements under the Convention between the United States and any nation which is a party to the Convention.

(C) Regulations promulgated under this paragraph shall, to the extent practicable, be consistent with fishery management plans prepared and implemented under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.).

(2)

(A) To promulgate regulations referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register a general notice of proposed rulemaking and shall afford interested persons an opportunity to participate in the rulemaking through (i) submission of written data, views, or arguments, and (ii) oral presentation at a public hearing. Such regulations shall be published in the Federal Register and shall be accompanied by a statement of the considerations involved in the issuance of the regulations, and by a statement, based on inquiries and investigations, assessing the nature and effectiveness of the measures for the implementation of the Commission’s recommendations which are being or will be carried out by countries whose vessels engage in fishing the species subject to such recommendations within the waters to which the Convention applies. After publication in the Federal Register, such regulations shall be applicable to all vessels and persons subject to the jurisdiction of the United States on such date as the Secretary shall prescribe. The Secretary shall suspend at any time the application of any such regulation when, after consultation with the Secretary of State and the United States Commissioners, he determines that fishing operations in the Convention area of a contracting party for whom the regulations are effective are such as to constitute a serious threat to the achievement of the Commission’s recommendations.

(B) Notwithstanding the requirements of subparagraph (A) and subsections (b) and (c) of section 553 of title 5, the Secretary may issue final regulations to implement Commission recommendations referred to in paragraph (1) concerning trade restrictive measures against nations or fishing entities.

(3) The regulations required to be promulgated under paragraph (1) of this subsection may—

(A) select for regulation one or more of the species covered by the Convention;

(B) divide the Convention waters into areas;

(D) limit the size of the fish and quantity of the catch which may be taken from each area within any season during which fishing is allowed;

(E) limit or prohibit the incidental catch of a regulated species which may be retained, taken, possessed, or landed by vessels or persons fishing for other species of fish;

(F) require records of operations to be kept by any master or other person in charge of any fishing vessel;

(G) require such clearance certificates for vessels as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of the Convention and this chapter;

(H) require proof satisfactory to the Secretary that any fish subject to regulation pursuant to a recommendation of the Commission offered for entry into the United States has not been taken or retained contrary to the recommendations of the Commission made pursuant to article VIII of the Convention which have been adopted as regulations pursuant to this section;

(I) require any commercial or recreational fisherman to obtain a permit from the Secretary and report the quantity of the catch of a regulated species;

(J) require that observers be carried aboard fishing vessels for the purpose of providing statistically reliable scientific data; and

(K) impose such other requirements and provide for such other measures as the Secretary may determine necessary to implement any recommendation of the Convention or to obtain scientific data necessary to accomplish the purpose of the Convention;

except that no regulation promulgated under this section may have the effect of increasing or decreasing any allocation or quota of fish or fishing mortality level to the United States agreed to pursuant to a recommendation of the Commission.

(4) Upon the promulgation of regulations provided for in paragraph (3) of this subsection, the Secretary shall promulgate, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State and pursuant to the procedures prescribed in paragraph (2) of this subsection, additional regulations which shall become effective simultaneously with the application of the regulations provided for in paragraph (3) of this subsection, which prohibit—

(A) the entry into the United States of fish in any form of those species which are subject to regulation pursuant to a recommendation of the Commission and which were taken from the Convention area in such manner or in such circumstances as would tend to diminish the effectiveness of the conservation recommendations of the Commission; and

(B) the entry into the United States, from any country when the vessels of such country are being used in the conduct of fishing operations in the Convention area in such manner or in such circumstances as would tend to diminish the effectiveness of the conservation recommendations of the Commission, of fish in any form of those species which are subject to regulation pursuant to a recommendation of the Commission and which were taken from the Convention area.

(5) In the case of repeated and flagrant fishing operations in the Convention area by the vessels of any country which seriously threaten the achievement of the objectives of the Commission’s recommendations, the Secretary with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, may by regulations promulgated pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection prohibit the entry in any form from such country of other species covered by the Convention as may be under investigation by the Commission and which were taken in the Convention area. Any such prohibition shall continue until the Secretary is satisfied that the condition warranting the prohibition no longer exists, except that all fish in any form of the species under regulation which were previously prohibited from entry shall continue to be prohibited from entry.

(6)Identification and notification.—

(A) Not later than July 1, 1996, and annually thereafter, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Commissioners, and the advisory committee, shall—

(i) identify those nations whose fishing vessels are fishing, or have fished during the preceding calendar year, within the convention area in a manner or under circumstances that diminish the effectiveness of a conservation recommendation;

(ii) notify the President and the nation so identified, including an explanation of the reasons therefor; and

(iii) publish a list of those Nations identified under clause (i).

(B) In identifying those Nations, the Secretary shall consider, based on the best available information, whether those Nations have measures in place for reporting, monitoring, and enforcement, and whether those measures diminish the effectiveness of any conservation recommendation.

(7)Consultation.—Not later than 30 days after a Nation is notified under paragraph (6), the President may enter into consultations with the Government of that Nation for the purpose of obtaining an agreement that will—

(A) effect the immediate termination and prevent the resumption of any fishing operation by vessels of that Nation within the Convention area which is conducted in a manner or under circumstances that diminish the effectiveness of the conservation recommendation;

(B) when practicable, require actions by that Nation, or vessels of that Nation, to mitigate the negative impacts of fishing operations on the effectiveness of the conservation recommendation involved, including but not limited to, the imposition of subsequent-year deductions for quota overages; and

(C) result in the establishment, if necessary, by such Nation of reporting, monitoring, and enforcement measures that are adequate to ensure the effectiveness of conservation recommendations.

(d) Recommended Commission actions regarding large-scale driftnet fishing and conservation of Atlantic swordfish

(1) It is the sense of the Congress that the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of State, should seek support for a recommendation by the Commission to ban large-scale driftnet fishing (as that term is defined in section 3(16) 1

1 See References in Text note below.

of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act [16 U.S.C. 1802(16)]) in the Convention area.

(2) The Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall request the Commission to adopt recommendations necessary for the conservation and management of Atlantic swordfish. In making the request, the Secretary shall seek the establishment of an international minimum harvest size and a reduction in harvest levels to the extent necessary to conserve the stock. Until the Commission adopts all the conservation and management measures requested by the Secretary, the Secretary, within 3 months after each annual meeting of the Commission, shall notify Congress as to the nature and results of his request. These notifications shall identify those nations not acting to conserve and manage Atlantic swordfish, and recommend measures which could be taken to achieve effective international conservation and management of the stock.

(Pub. L. 94–70, § 6, Aug. 5, 1975, 89 Stat. 387; 1978 Reorg. Plan No. 2, § 102, eff. Jan. 1, 1979, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3784; Pub. L. 101–627, title II, §§ 206, 207, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4461; Pub. L. 104–43, title III, §§ 303(3), 305, Nov. 3, 1995, 109 Stat. 384, 385; Pub. L. 105–384, title II, § 202(b)(1)(C), (F), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3452, 3453; Pub. L. 114–81, title I, § 107(1), Nov. 5, 2015, 129 Stat. 658.)

§ 971e. Violations

(a) In general

It shall be unlawful—

(1) for any person in charge of a fishing vessel or any fishing vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to engage in fishing in violation of any regulation adopted pursuant to section 971d of this title; or

(2) for any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to ship, transport, purchase, sell, offer for sale, import, export, or have in custody, possession, or control any fish which he knows, or should have known, were taken or retained contrary to the recommendations of the Commission made pursuant to article VIII of the Convention and adopted as regulations pursuant to section 971d of this title, without regard to the citizenship of the person or vessel which took the fish.

(b) Failure to furnish returns, records, or reports

(d) Importation of ineligible species or species under investigation

(e) Applicability of other laws

(Pub. L. 94–70, § 7, Aug. 5, 1975, 89 Stat. 390; Pub. L. 104–43, title III, § 306, Nov. 3, 1995, 109 Stat. 385; Pub. L. 105–384, title II, § 202(b)(1)(F), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3453; Pub. L. 114–81, title I, § 107(2), Nov. 5, 2015, 129 Stat. 658.)

§ 971f. Enforcement

(a) For additional prohibitions relating to this chapter and enforcement of this chapter, see section 1826g of this title.

(b) To the extent authorized under the convention or by agreements between the United States and any contracting party concluded pursuant to section 971c(b) of this title for international enforcement, the duly authorized officials of such party shall have the authority to carry out enforcement activities with respect to this chapter that are otherwise authorized by law with respect to persons or vessels subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and the officials of the United States authorized pursuant to this section shall have the authority to carry out enforcement activities with respect to this chapter that are otherwise authorized by law with respect to persons or vessels subject to the jurisdiction of such party, except that where any agreement provides for arrest or seizure of persons or vessels under United States jurisdiction it shall also provide that the person or vessel arrested or seized shall be promptly handed over to a United States enforcement officer or another authorized United States official.

(Pub. L. 94–70, § 8, Aug. 5, 1975, 89 Stat. 391; Pub. L. 114–81, title I, § 107(3), (4), Nov. 5, 2015, 129 Stat. 658.)

§ 971g. Cooperation in carrying out Convention

(a) Federal and State agencies; private institutions and organizations

(b) Scientific and other programs; facilities and personnel

(d) State jurisdiction; preemption by Federal regulations

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, nothing in this chapter shall be construed so as to diminish or to increase the jurisdiction of any State in the territorial sea of the United States.

(2) In the event a State does not request a formal hearing and after notice by the Secretary, the regulations promulgated pursuant to this chapter to implement recommendations of the Commission shall apply within the boundaries of any State bordering on any Convention area if the Secretary determines that any such State—

(A) has not, within a reasonable period of time after the promulgation of regulations pursuant to this chapter, enacted laws or promulgated regulations which implement any such recommendation of the Commission within the boundaries of such State; or

(B) has enacted laws or promulgated regulations which (i) are less restrictive than the regulations promulgated pursuant to this chapter, or (ii) are not effectively enforced.

If a State requests the opportunity for an agency hearing on the record, the Secretary shall not apply regulations promulgated pursuant to this chapter within that State’s boundaries unless the hearing record supports a determination under paragraph (A) or (B). Such regulations shall apply until the Secretary determines that the State is effectively enforcing within its boundaries measures which are not less restrictive than such regulations.

(e) Continuing review of State laws and regulations

(Pub. L. 94–70, § 9, Aug. 5, 1975, 89 Stat. 392.)

§ 971h. Authorization of appropriations

(a) In general

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this chapter, including use for payment of the United States share of the joint expenses of the Commission as provided in Article X of the Convention—

(1) $5,770,000 for each of fiscal years 2007 and 2008;

(2) $6,058,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010; and

(3) $6,361,000 for each of fiscal years 2011 and 2013.

(b) Allocation

Of the amounts made available under subsection (a) for each fiscal year—

(1) $160,000 are authorized for the advisory committee established under section 971b of this title and the species working groups established under section 971b–1 of this title; and

(2) $7,500,000 are authorized for research activities under this chapter and section 971i of this title, of which $3,000,000 shall be for the cooperative research program under section 971i(b)(2)(H) of this title.1

1 See References in Text note below.

(Pub. L. 94–70, § 10, Aug. 5, 1975, 89 Stat. 393; Pub. L. 95–33, § 1, May 26, 1977, 91 Stat. 173; Pub. L. 96–339, § 1(2), Sept. 4, 1980, 94 Stat. 1069; Pub. L. 98–44, title I, § 101, July 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 99–659, title IV, § 404, Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3737; Pub. L. 101–627, title II, § 208, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4462; Pub. L. 104–43, title III, § 307, Nov. 3, 1995, 109 Stat. 386; Pub. L. 105–384, title II, § 202(a), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3452; Pub. L. 107–372, title III, § 304, Dec. 19, 2002, 116 Stat. 3095; Pub. L. 109–479, title IV, § 405(a), Jan. 12, 2007, 120 Stat. 3633.)

§ 971i. Research on Atlantic highly migratory species

(a) Omitted

(b) Highly migratory species research and monitoring

(1) Within 6 months after November 3, 1995, the Secretary of Commerce, in cooperation with the advisory committee established under section 4 of the Atlantic Tunas Convention Act of 1975 (16 U.S.C. 971b) and in consultation with the United States Commissioners on the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (referred to elsewhere in this section as the “Commission”) and the Secretary of State, shall develop and implement a comprehensive research and monitoring program to support the conservation and management of Atlantic bluefin tuna and other highly migratory species that shall—

(A) identify and define the range of stocks of highly migratory species in the Atlantic Ocean, including Atlantic bluefin tuna; and

(B) provide for appropriate participation by nations which are members of the Commission.

(2) The program shall provide for, but not be limited to—

(A) statistically designed cooperative tagging studies;

(B) genetic and biochemical stock analyses;

(D) adequate observer coverage and port sampling of commercial and recreational fishing activity;

(E) collection of comparable real-time data on commercial and recreational catches and landings through the use of permits, logbooks, landing reports for charter operations and fishing tournaments, and programs to provide reliable reporting of the catch by private anglers;

(F) studies of the life history parameters of Atlantic bluefin tuna and other highly migratory species;

(G) integration of data from all sources and the preparation of data bases to support management decisions;

(H) include a cooperative research program on Atlantic billfish based on the Southeast Fisheries Science Center Atlantic Billfish Research Plan of 2002; and

(I) other research as necessary.

(3) In developing a program under this section, the Secretary shall—

(A) ensure that personnel and resources of each regional research center shall have substantial participation in the stock assessments and monitoring of highly migratory species that occur in the region;

(B) provide for comparable monitoring of all United States fishermen to which the Atlantic Tunas Convention Act of 1975 applies with respect to effort and species composition of catch and discards;

(C) consult with relevant Federal and State agencies, scientific and technical experts, commercial and recreational fishermen, and other interested persons, public and private, and shall publish a proposed plan in the Federal Register for the purpose of receiving public comment on the plan; and

(D) through the Secretary of State, encourage other member nations to adopt a similar program.

(Pub. L. 96–339, § 3, Sept. 4, 1980, 94 Stat. 1070; Pub. L. 104–43, title III, § 302(b), Nov. 3, 1995, 109 Stat. 382; Pub. L. 105–384, title II, § 202(b)(2), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3453; Pub. L. 109–479, title IV, § 405(b), Jan. 12, 2007, 120 Stat. 3633.)

§ 971j. Repealed. Pub. L. 114–81, title I, § 107(5), Nov. 5, 2015, 129 Stat. 658

§ 971k. Savings clause

Nothing in this chapter shall have the effect of diminishing the rights and obligations of any Nation under Article VIII(3) of the Convention.

(Pub. L. 94–70, § 11, formerly § 12, as added Pub. L. 104–43, title III, § 308, Nov. 3, 1995, 109 Stat. 387; amended Pub. L. 105–384, title II, § 202(b)(1)(E), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3453; renumbered § 11, Pub. L. 114–81, title I, § 107(5), Nov. 5, 2015, 129 Stat. 658.)