Collapse to view only § 1055. Use by related companies affecting validity and registration
- § 1051. Application for registration; verification
- § 1052. Trademarks registrable on principal register; concurrent registration
- § 1053. Service marks registrable
- § 1054. Collective marks and certification marks registrable
- § 1055. Use by related companies affecting validity and registration
- § 1056. Disclaimer of unregistrable matter
- § 1057. Certificates of registration
- § 1058. Duration, affidavits and fees
- § 1059. Renewal of registration
- § 1060. Assignment
- § 1061. Execution of acknowledgments and verifications
- § 1062. Publication
- § 1063. Opposition to registration
- § 1064. Cancellation of registration
- § 1065. Incontestability of right to use mark under certain conditions
- § 1066. Interference; declaration by Director
- § 1066a. Ex parte expungement
- § 1066b. Ex parte reexamination
- § 1067. Interference, opposition, and proceedings for concurrent use registration or for cancellation; notice; Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
- § 1068. Action of Director in interference, opposition, and proceedings for concurrent use registration or for cancellation
- § 1069. Application of equitable principles in inter partes proceedings
- § 1070. Appeals to Trademark Trial and Appeal Board from decisions of examiners
- § 1071. Appeal to courts
- § 1072. Registration as constructive notice of claim of ownership
§ 1051. Application for registration; verification
(a) Application for use of trademark
(1) The owner of a trademark used in commerce may request registration of its trademark on the principal register hereby established by paying the prescribed fee and filing in the Patent and Trademark Office an application and a verified statement, in such form as may be prescribed by the Director, and such number of specimens or facsimiles of the mark as used as may be required by the Director.
(2) The application shall include specification of the applicant’s domicile and citizenship, the date of the applicant’s first use of the mark, the date of the applicant’s first use of the mark in commerce, the goods in connection with which the mark is used, and a drawing of the mark.
(3) The statement shall be verified by the applicant and specify that—
(A) the person making the verification believes that he or she, or the juristic person in whose behalf he or she makes the verification, to be the owner of the mark sought to be registered;
(B) to the best of the verifier’s knowledge and belief, the facts recited in the application are accurate;
(C) the mark is in use in commerce; and
(D) to the best of the verifier’s knowledge and belief, no other person has the right to use such mark in commerce either in the identical form thereof or in such near resemblance thereto as to be likely, when used on or in connection with the goods of such other person, to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive, except that, in the case of every application claiming concurrent use, the applicant shall—
(i) state exceptions to the claim of exclusive use; and
(ii) shall 1
1 So in original. The word “shall” probably should not appear.
specify, to the extent of the verifier’s knowledge—(I) any concurrent use by others;(II) the goods on or in connection with which and the areas in which each concurrent use exists;(III) the periods of each use; and(IV) the goods and area for which the applicant desires registration.(4) The applicant shall comply with such rules or regulations as may be prescribed by the Director. The Director shall promulgate rules prescribing the requirements for the application and for obtaining a filing date herein.
(b) Application for bona fide intention to use trademark
(1) A person who has a bona fide intention, under circumstances showing the good faith of such person, to use a trademark in commerce may request registration of its trademark on the principal register hereby established by paying the prescribed fee and filing in the Patent and Trademark Office an application and a verified statement, in such form as may be prescribed by the Director.
(2) The application shall include specification of the applicant’s domicile and citizenship, the goods in connection with which the applicant has a bona fide intention to use the mark, and a drawing of the mark.
(3) The statement shall be verified by the applicant and specify—
(A) that the person making the verification believes that he or she, or the juristic person in whose behalf he or she makes the verification, to be entitled to use the mark in commerce;
(B) the applicant’s bona fide intention to use the mark in commerce;
(C) that, to the best of the verifier’s knowledge and belief, the facts recited in the application are accurate; and
(D) that, to the best of the verifier’s knowledge and belief, no other person has the right to use such mark in commerce either in the identical form thereof or in such near resemblance thereto as to be likely, when used on or in connection with the goods of such other person, to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive.
Except for applications filed pursuant to section 1126 of this title, no mark shall be registered until the applicant has met the requirements of subsections (c) and (d) of this section.
(4) The applicant shall comply with such rules or regulations as may be prescribed by the Director. The Director shall promulgate rules prescribing the requirements for the application and for obtaining a filing date herein.
(c) Amendment of application under subsection (b) to conform to requirements of subsection (a)
(d) Verified statement that trademark is used in commerce
(1) Within six months after the date on which the notice of allowance with respect to a mark is issued under section 1063(b)(2) of this title to an applicant under subsection (b) of this section, the applicant shall file in the Patent and Trademark Office, together with such number of specimens or facsimiles of the mark as used in commerce as may be required by the Director and payment of the prescribed fee, a verified statement that the mark is in use in commerce and specifying the date of the applicant’s first use of the mark in commerce and those goods or services specified in the notice of allowance on or in connection with which the mark is used in commerce. Subject to examination and acceptance of the statement of use, the mark shall be registered in the Patent and Trademark Office, a certificate of registration shall be issued for those goods or services recited in the statement of use for which the mark is entitled to registration, and notice of registration shall be published in the Official Gazette of the Patent and Trademark Office. Such examination may include an examination of the factors set forth in subsections (a) through (e) of section 1052 of this title. The notice of registration shall specify the goods or services for which the mark is registered.
(2) The Director shall extend, for one additional 6-month period, the time for filing the statement of use under paragraph (1), upon written request of the applicant before the expiration of the 6-month period provided in paragraph (1). In addition to an extension under the preceding sentence, the Director may, upon a showing of good cause by the applicant, further extend the time for filing the statement of use under paragraph (1) for periods aggregating not more than 24 months, pursuant to written request of the applicant made before the expiration of the last extension granted under this paragraph. Any request for an extension under this paragraph shall be accompanied by a verified statement that the applicant has a continued bona fide intention to use the mark in commerce and specifying those goods or services identified in the notice of allowance on or in connection with which the applicant has a continued bona fide intention to use the mark in commerce. Any request for an extension under this paragraph shall be accompanied by payment of the prescribed fee. The Director shall issue regulations setting forth guidelines for determining what constitutes good cause for purposes of this paragraph.
(3) The Director shall notify any applicant who files a statement of use of the acceptance or refusal thereof and, if the statement of use is refused, the reasons for the refusal. An applicant may amend the statement of use.
(4) The failure to timely file a verified statement of use under paragraph (1) or an extension request under paragraph (2) shall result in abandonment of the application, unless it can be shown to the satisfaction of the Director that the delay in responding was unintentional, in which case the time for filing may be extended, but for a period not to exceed the period specified in paragraphs (1) and (2) for filing a statement of use.
(e) Designation of resident for service of process and notices
(f) Third-party submission of evidence
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 1, 60 Stat. 427; Pub. L. 87–772, § 1, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 769; Pub. L. 93–596, § 1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 103, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3935; Pub. L. 105–330, title I, § 103, title II, § 201(a)(1), Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3064, 3069; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title III, § 13207(b)(1), (2), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1906; Pub. L. 116–260, div. Q, title II, § 223(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2201.)
§ 1052. Trademarks registrable on principal register; concurrent registration
No trademark by which the goods of the applicant may be distinguished from the goods of others shall be refused registration on the principal register on account of its nature unless it—
(a) Consists of or comprises immoral, deceptive, or scandalous matter; or matter which may disparage or falsely suggest a connection with persons, living or dead, institutions, beliefs, or national symbols, or bring them into contempt, or disrepute; or a geographical indication which, when used on or in connection with wines or spirits, identifies a place other than the origin of the goods and is first used on or in connection with wines or spirits by the applicant on or after one year after the date on which the WTO Agreement (as defined in section 3501(9) of title 19) enters into force with respect to the United States.
(b) Consists of or comprises the flag or coat of arms or other insignia of the United States, or of any State or municipality, or of any foreign nation, or any simulation thereof.
(c) Consists of or comprises a name, portrait, or signature identifying a particular living individual except by his written consent, or the name, signature, or portrait of a deceased President of the United States during the life of his widow, if any, except by the written consent of the widow.
(d) Consists of or comprises a mark which so resembles a mark registered in the Patent and Trademark Office, or a mark or trade name previously used in the United States by another and not abandoned, as to be likely, when used on or in connection with the goods of the applicant, to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive: Provided, That if the Director determines that confusion, mistake, or deception is not likely to result from the continued use by more than one person of the same or similar marks under conditions and limitations as to the mode or place of use of the marks or the goods on or in connection with which such marks are used, concurrent registrations may be issued to such persons when they have become entitled to use such marks as a result of their concurrent lawful use in commerce prior to (1) the earliest of the filing dates of the applications pending or of any registration issued under this chapter; (2) July 5, 1947, in the case of registrations previously issued under the Act of March 3, 1881, or February 20, 1905, and continuing in full force and effect on that date; or (3) July 5, 1947, in the case of applications filed under the Act of February 20, 1905, and registered after July 5, 1947. Use prior to the filing date of any pending application or a registration shall not be required when the owner of such application or registration consents to the grant of a concurrent registration to the applicant. Concurrent registrations may also be issued by the Director when a court of competent jurisdiction has finally determined that more than one person is entitled to use the same or similar marks in commerce. In issuing concurrent registrations, the Director shall prescribe conditions and limitations as to the mode or place of use of the mark or the goods on or in connection with which such mark is registered to the respective persons.
(e) Consists of a mark which (1) when used on or in connection with the goods of the applicant is merely descriptive or deceptively misdescriptive of them, (2) when used on or in connection with the goods of the applicant is primarily geographically descriptive of them, except as indications of regional origin may be registrable under section 1054 of this title, (3) when used on or in connection with the goods of the applicant is primarily geographically deceptively misdescriptive of them, (4) is primarily merely a surname, or (5) comprises any matter that, as a whole, is functional.
(f) Except as expressly excluded in subsections (a), (b), (c), (d), (e)(3), and (e)(5) of this section, nothing in this chapter shall prevent the registration of a mark used by the applicant which has become distinctive of the applicant’s goods in commerce. The Director may accept as prima facie evidence that the mark has become distinctive, as used on or in connection with the applicant’s goods in commerce, proof of substantially exclusive and continuous use thereof as a mark by the applicant in commerce for the five years before the date on which the claim of distinctiveness is made. Nothing in this section shall prevent the registration of a mark which, when used on or in connection with the goods of the applicant, is primarily geographically deceptively misdescriptive of them, and which became distinctive of the applicant’s goods in commerce before December 8, 1993.
A mark which would be likely to cause dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment under section 1125(c) of this title, may be refused registration only pursuant to a proceeding brought under section 1063 of this title. A registration for a mark which would be likely to cause dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment under section 1125(c) of this title, may be canceled pursuant to a proceeding brought under either section 1064 of this title or section 1092 of this title.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 2, 60 Stat. 428; Pub. L. 87–772, § 2, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 769; Pub. L. 93–596, § 1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 104, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3937; Pub. L. 103–182, title III, § 333(a), Dec. 8, 1993, 107 Stat. 2114; Pub. L. 103–465, title V, § 522, Dec. 8, 1994, 108 Stat. 4982; Pub. L. 105–330, title II, § 201(a)(2), (12), Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3069, 3070; Pub. L. 106–43, § 2(a), Aug. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 218; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583; Pub. L. 109–312, § 3(a), Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1732.)
§ 1053. Service marks registrable
Subject to the provisions relating to the registration of trademarks, so far as they are applicable, service marks shall be registrable, in the same manner and with the same effect as are trademarks, and when registered they shall be entitled to the protection provided in this chapter in the case of trademarks. Applications and procedure under this section shall conform as nearly as practicable to those prescribed for the registration of trademarks.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 3, 60 Stat. 429; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 105, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3938; Pub. L. 106–43, § 6(b), Aug. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 220.)
§ 1054. Collective marks and certification marks registrable
Subject to the provisions relating to the registration of trademarks, so far as they are applicable, collective and certification marks, including indications of regional origin, shall be registrable under this chapter, in the same manner and with the same effect as are trademarks, by persons, and nations, States, municipalities, and the like, exercising legitimate control over the use of the marks sought to be registered, even though not possessing an industrial or commercial establishment, and when registered they shall be entitled to the protection provided in this chapter in the case of trademarks, except in the case of certification marks when used so as to represent falsely that the owner or a user thereof makes or sells the goods or performs the services on or in connection with which such mark is used. Applications and procedure under this section shall conform as nearly as practicable to those prescribed for the registration of trademarks.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 4, 60 Stat. 429; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 106, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3938; Pub. L. 106–43, § 6(b), Aug. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 220.)
§ 1055. Use by related companies affecting validity and registration
Where a registered mark or a mark sought to be registered is or may be used legitimately by related companies, such use shall inure to the benefit of the registrant or applicant for registration, and such use shall not affect the validity of such mark or of its registration, provided such mark is not used in such manner as to deceive the public. If first use of a mark by a person is controlled by the registrant or applicant for registration of the mark with respect to the nature and quality of the goods or services, such first use shall inure to the benefit of the registrant or applicant, as the case may be.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 5, 60 Stat. 429; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 107, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3938.)
§ 1056. Disclaimer of unregistrable matter
(a) Compulsory and voluntary disclaimers
(b) Prejudice of rights
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 6, 60 Stat. 429; Pub. L. 87–772, § 3, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 769; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 108, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3938; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583.)
§ 1057. Certificates of registration
(a) Issuance and form
(b) Certificate as prima facie evidence
(c) Application to register mark considered constructive use
(1) has used the mark;
(2) has filed an application to register the mark which is pending or has resulted in registration of the mark; or
(3) has filed a foreign application to register the mark on the basis of which he or she has acquired a right of priority, and timely files an application under section 1126(d) of this title to register the mark which is pending or has resulted in registration of the mark.
(d) Issuance to assignee
(e) Surrender, cancellation, or amendment by owner
(f) Copies of United States Patent and Trademark Office records as evidence
(g) Correction of United States Patent and Trademark Office mistake
(h) Correction of applicant’s mistake
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 7, 60 Stat. 430; Aug. 17, 1950, ch. 733, 64 Stat. 459; Pub. L. 87–772, § 4, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 769; Pub. L. 93–596, § 1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 109, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3938; Pub. L. 105–330, title II, § 201(a)(3), Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3070; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583; Pub. L. 111–146, § 3(a), Mar. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 66.)
§ 1058. Duration, affidavits and fees
(a) Time periods for required affidavits
Each registration shall remain in force for 10 years, except that the registration of any mark shall be canceled by the Director unless the owner of the registration files in the United States Patent and Trademark Office affidavits that meet the requirements of subsection (b), within the following time periods:
(1) Within the 1-year period immediately preceding the expiration of 6 years following the date of registration under this chapter or the date of the publication under section 1062(c) of this title.
(2) Within the 1-year period immediately preceding the expiration of 10 years following the date of registration, and each successive 10-year period following the date of registration.
(3) The owner may file the affidavit required under this section within the 6-month grace period immediately following the expiration of the periods established in paragraphs (1) and (2), together with the fee described in subsection (b) and the additional grace period surcharge prescribed by the Director.
(b) Requirements for affidavit
The affidavit referred to in subsection (a) shall—
(1)
(A) state that the mark is in use in commerce;
(B) set forth the goods and services recited in the registration on or in connection with which the mark is in use in commerce;
(C) be accompanied by such number of specimens or facsimiles showing current use of the mark in commerce as may be required by the Director; and
(D) be accompanied by the fee prescribed by the Director; or
(2)
(A) set forth the goods and services recited in the registration on or in connection with which the mark is not in use in commerce;
(B) include a showing that any nonuse is due to special circumstances which excuse such nonuse and is not due to any intention to abandon the mark; and
(C) be accompanied by the fee prescribed by the Director.
(c) Deficient affidavit
(d) Notice of requirement
(e) Notification of acceptance or refusal
(f) Designation of resident for service of process and notices
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 8, 60 Stat. 431; Pub. L. 93–596, § 1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949; Pub. L. 97–247, § 8, Aug. 27, 1982, 96 Stat. 320; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 110, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3939; Pub. L. 105–330, title I, § 105, Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3066; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B), (C)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title III, § 13207(b)(3), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1906; Pub. L. 111–146, § 3(d)(1), Mar. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 67.)
§ 1059. Renewal of registration
(a) Period of renewal; time for renewal
(b) Notification of refusal of renewal
(c) Designation of resident for service of process and notices
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 9, 60 Stat. 431; Pub. L. 87–772, § 5, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 770; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 111, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3939; Pub. L. 105–330, title I, § 106, Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3067; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B), (C)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title III, § 13207(b)(4), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1907.)
§ 1060. Assignment
(a)
(1) A registered mark or a mark for which an application to register has been filed shall be assignable with the good will of the business in which the mark is used, or with that part of the good will of the business connected with the use of and symbolized by the mark. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, no application to register a mark under section 1051(b) of this title shall be assignable prior to the filing of an amendment under section 1051(c) of this title to bring the application into conformity with section 1051(a) of this title or the filing of the verified statement of use under section 1051(d) of this title, except for an assignment to a successor to the business of the applicant, or portion thereof, to which the mark pertains, if that business is ongoing and existing.
(2) In any assignment authorized by this section, it shall not be necessary to include the good will of the business connected with the use of and symbolized by any other mark used in the business or by the name or style under which the business is conducted.
(3) Assignments shall be by instruments in writing duly executed. Acknowledgment shall be prima facie evidence of the execution of an assignment, and when the prescribed information reporting the assignment is recorded in the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the record shall be prima facie evidence of execution.
(4) An assignment shall be void against any subsequent purchaser for valuable consideration without notice, unless the prescribed information reporting the assignment is recorded in the United States Patent and Trademark Office within 3 months after the date of the assignment or prior to the subsequent purchase.
(5) The United States Patent and Trademark Office shall maintain a record of information on assignments, in such form as may be prescribed by the Director.
(b) An assignee not domiciled in the United States may designate by a document filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office the name and address of a person resident in the United States on whom may be served notices or process in proceedings affecting the mark. Such notices or process may be served upon the person so designated by leaving with that person or mailing to that person a copy thereof at the address specified in the last designation so filed. If the person so designated cannot be found at the address given in the last designation, or if the assignee does not designate by a document filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office the name and address of a person resident in the United States on whom may be served notices or process in proceedings affecting the mark, such notices or process may be served upon the Director.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 10, 60 Stat. 431; Pub. L. 87–772, § 6, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 770; Pub. L. 93–596, § 1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 112, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3939; Pub. L. 105–330, title I, § 107, Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3068; Pub. L. 106–43, § 6(a), Aug. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 220; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title III, § 13207(b)(5), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1907.)
§ 1061. Execution of acknowledgments and verifications
Acknowledgments and verifications required under this chapter may be made before any person within the United States authorized by law to administer oaths, or, when made in a foreign country, before any diplomatic or consular officer of the United States or before any official authorized to administer oaths in the foreign country concerned whose authority is proved by a certificate of a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States, or apostille of an official designated by a foreign country which, by treaty or convention, accords like effect to apostilles of designated officials in the United States, and shall be valid if they comply with the laws of the state or country where made.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 11, 60 Stat. 432; Pub. L. 97–247, § 14(c), Aug. 27, 1982, 96 Stat. 321.)
§ 1062. Publication
(a) Examination and publication
(b) Refusal of registration; amendment of application; abandonment; extensions of time to respond
(1) If the applicant is found not entitled to registration, the examiner shall notify the applicant thereof and of the reasons therefor. The applicant may reply or amend the application, which shall then be reexamined. This procedure may be repeated until the examiner finally refuses registration of the mark or the application is abandoned as described in paragraph (2).
(2) After notification under paragraph (1), the applicant shall have a period of 6 months in which to reply or amend the application, or such shorter time that is not less than 60 days, as prescribed by the Director by regulation. If the applicant fails to reply or amend or appeal within the relevant time period, including any extension under paragraph (3), the application shall be deemed to have been abandoned, unless it can be shown to the satisfaction of the Director that the delay in responding was unintentional, in which case the application may be revived and such time may be extended. The Director may prescribe a fee to accompany any request to revive.
(3) The Director shall provide, by regulation, for extensions of time to respond to the examiner for any time period under paragraph (2) that is less than 6 months. The Director shall allow the applicant to obtain extensions of time to reply or amend aggregating 6 months from the date of notification under paragraph (1) when the applicant so requests. However, the Director may set by regulation the time for individual periods of extension, and prescribe a fee, by regulation, for any extension request. Any request for extension shall be filed on or before the date on which a reply or amendment is due under paragraph (1).
(c) Republication of marks registered under prior acts
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 12, 60 Stat. 432; Pub. L. 87–772, § 7, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 770; Pub. L. 93–596, § 1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 113, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3940; Pub. L. 105–330, title I, § 104, Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3066; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583; Pub. L. 116–260, div. Q, title II, § 224, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2201.)
§ 1063. Opposition to registration
(a) Any person who believes that he would be damaged by the registration of a mark upon the principal register, including the registration of any mark which would be likely to cause dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment under section 1125(c) of this title, may, upon payment of the prescribed fee, file an opposition in the Patent and Trademark Office, stating the grounds therefor, within thirty days after the publication under subsection (a) of section 1062 of this title of the mark sought to be registered. Upon written request prior to the expiration of the thirty-day period, the time for filing opposition shall be extended for an additional thirty days, and further extensions of time for filing opposition may be granted by the Director for good cause when requested prior to the expiration of an extension. The Director shall notify the applicant of each extension of the time for filing opposition. An opposition may be amended under such conditions as may be prescribed by the Director.
(b) Unless registration is successfully opposed—
(1) a mark entitled to registration on the principal register based on an application filed under section 1051(a) of this title or pursuant to section 1126 of this title shall be registered in the Patent and Trademark Office, a certificate of registration shall be issued, and notice of the registration shall be published in the Official Gazette of the Patent and Trademark Office; or
(2) a notice of allowance shall be issued to the applicant if the applicant applied for registration under section 1051(b) of this title.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 13, 60 Stat. 433; Pub. L. 87–772, § 8, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 771; Pub. L. 93–596, § 1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949; Pub. L. 93–600, § 1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1955; Pub. L. 97–247, § 9(a), Aug. 27, 1982, 96 Stat. 320; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 114, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3940; Pub. L. 106–43, § 2(b), Aug. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 218; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583; Pub. L. 109–312, § 3(b), Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1732.)
§ 1064. Cancellation of registration
A petition to cancel a registration of a mark, stating the grounds relied upon, may, upon payment of the prescribed fee, be filed as follows by any person who believes that he is or will be damaged, including as a result of a likelihood of dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment under section 1125(c) of this title, by the registration of a mark on the principal register established by this chapter, or under the Act of March 3, 1881, or the Act of February 20, 1905:
(1) Within five years from the date of the registration of the mark under this chapter.
(2) Within five years from the date of publication under section 1062(c) of this title of a mark registered under the Act of March 3, 1881, or the Act of February 20, 1905.
(3) At any time if the registered mark becomes the generic name for the goods or services, or a portion thereof, for which it is registered, or is functional, or has been abandoned, or its registration was obtained fraudulently or contrary to the provisions of section 1054 of this title or of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of section 1052 of this title for a registration under this chapter, or contrary to similar prohibitory provisions of such prior Acts for a registration under such Acts, or if the registered mark is being used by, or with the permission of, the registrant so as to misrepresent the source of the goods or services on or in connection with which the mark is used. If the registered mark becomes the generic name for less than all of the goods or services for which it is registered, a petition to cancel the registration for only those goods or services may be filed. A registered mark shall not be deemed to be the generic name of goods or services solely because such mark is also used as a name of or to identify a unique product or service. The primary significance of the registered mark to the relevant public rather than purchaser motivation shall be the test for determining whether the registered mark has become the generic name of goods or services on or in connection with which it has been used.
(4) At any time if the mark is registered under the Act of March 3, 1881, or the Act of February 20, 1905, and has not been published under the provisions of subsection (c) of section 1062 of this title.
(5) At any time in the case of a certification mark on the ground that the registrant (A) does not control, or is not able legitimately to exercise control over, the use of such mark, or (B) engages in the production or marketing of any goods or services to which the certification mark is applied, or (C) permits the use of the certification mark for purposes other than to certify, or (D) discriminately refuses to certify or to continue to certify the goods or services of any person who maintains the standards or conditions which such mark certifies.
(6) At any time after the 3-year period following the date of registration, if the registered mark has never been used in commerce on or in connection with some or all of the goods or services recited in the registration:
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 14, 60 Stat. 433; Pub. L. 87–772, § 9, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 771; Pub. L. 97–247, § 9(b), Aug. 27, 1982, 96 Stat. 320; Pub. L. 98–620, title I, § 102, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3335; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 115, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3940; Pub. L. 105–330, title II, § 201(a)(4), title III, § 301, Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3070; Pub. L. 106–43, § 2(c), Aug. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 218; Pub. L. 109–312, § 3(c), Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1732; Pub. L. 116–260, div. Q, title II, § 225(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2204.)
§ 1065. Incontestability of right to use mark under certain conditions
Except on a ground for which application to cancel may be filed at any time under paragraphs (3), (5), and (6) of section 1064 of this title, and except to the extent, if any, to which the use of a mark registered on the principal register infringes a valid right acquired under the law of any State or Territory by use of a mark or trade name continuing from a date prior to the date of registration under this chapter of such registered mark, the right of the owner to use such registered mark in commerce for the goods or services on or in connection with which such registered mark has been in continuous use for five consecutive years subsequent to the date of such registration and is still in use in commerce, shall be incontestable: Provided, That—
(1) there has been no final decision adverse to the owner’s claim of ownership of such mark for such goods or services, or to the owner’s right to register the same or to keep the same on the register; and
(2) there is no proceeding involving said rights pending in the United States Patent and Trademark Office or in a court and not finally disposed of; and
(3) an affidavit is filed with the Director within one year after the expiration of any such five-year period setting forth those goods or services stated in the registration on or in connection with which such mark has been in continuous use for such five consecutive years and is still in use in commerce, and other matters specified in paragraphs (1) and (2) hereof; and
(4) no incontestable right shall be acquired in a mark which is the generic name for the goods or services or a portion thereof, for which it is registered.
Subject to the conditions above specified in this section, the incontestable right with reference to a mark registered under this chapter shall apply to a mark registered under the Act of March 3, 1881, or the Act of February 20, 1905, upon the filing of the required affidavit with the Director within one year after the expiration of any period of five consecutive years after the date of publication of a mark under the provisions of subsection (c) of section 1062 of this title.
The Director shall notify any registrant who files the above-prescribed affidavit of the filing thereof.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 15, 60 Stat. 433; Pub. L. 87–772, § 10, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 771; Pub. L. 93–596, § 1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949; Pub. L. 97–247, § 10, Aug. 27, 1982, 96 Stat. 320; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 116, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3941; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583; Pub. L. 111–146, § 3(b), Mar. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 67; Pub. L. 116–260, div. Q, title II, § 225(e)(1), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2207.)
§ 1066. Interference; declaration by Director
Upon petition showing extraordinary circumstances, the Director may declare that an interference exists when application is made for the registration of a mark which so resembles a mark previously registered by another, or for the registration of which another has previously made application, as to be likely when used on or in connection with the goods or services of the applicant to cause confusion or mistake or to deceive. No interference shall be declared between an application and the registration of a mark the right to the use of which has become incontestable.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 16, 60 Stat. 434; Pub. L. 87–772, § 11, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 771; Pub. L. 97–247, § 11, Aug. 27, 1982, 96 Stat. 321; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 117, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3941; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583.)
§ 1066a. Ex parte expungement
(a) Petition
(b) Contents of petitionA petition filed under subsection (a), together with any supporting documents, shall—
(1) identify the registration that is the subject of the petition;
(2) identify each good or service recited in the registration for which it is alleged that the mark has never been used in commerce;
(3) include a verified statement that sets forth—
(A) the elements of the reasonable investigation the petitioner conducted to determine that the mark has never been used in commerce on or in connection with the goods and services identified in the petition; and
(B) any additional facts that support the allegation that the mark has never been used in commerce on or in connection with the identified goods and services;
(4) include any supporting evidence on which the petitioner relies; and
(5) be accompanied by the fee prescribed by the Director.
(c) Initial determination; institution
(1) Prima facie case determination, institution, and notification
(2) Reasonable investigation guidance
(3) Determination by Director
(d) Ex parte expungement proceduresThe procedures for ex parte expungement shall be the same as the procedures for examination under section 1062(b) of this title, except that the Director shall promulgate regulations establishing and governing a proceeding under this section, which may include regulations that—
(1) set response and extension times particular to this type of proceeding, which, notwithstanding section 1062(b)(3) of this title, need not be extendable to 6 months;
(2) set limits governing the timing and number of petitions filed for a particular registration or by a particular petitioner or real parties in interest; and
(3) define the relation of a proceeding under this section to other proceedings concerning the mark.
(e) Registrant’s evidence of use
(f) Excusable nonuse
(g) Examiner’s decision; order to cancel
(h) Ex parte expungement by the Director
(1) In general
(2) Rule of construction
(i) Time for institution
(1) When petition may be filed, ex parte expungement proceeding instituted
(2) Exception
(j) Limitation on later ex parte expungement proceedings
(1) No co-pending proceedings
(2) Estoppel
(k) Use in commerce requirement not altered
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 16A, as added Pub. L. 116–260, div. Q, title II, § 225(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2202.)
§ 1066b. Ex parte reexamination
(a) Petition for reexamination
(b) Relevant dateIn this section, the term “relevant date” means, with respect to an application for the registration of a mark with an initial filing basis of—
(1)section 1051(a) of this title and not amended at any point to be filed pursuant to section 1051(b) of this title, the date on which the application was initially filed; or
(2)section 1051(b) of this title or amended at any point to be filed pursuant to section 1051(b) of this title, the date on which—
(A) an amendment to allege use under section 1051(c) of this title was filed; or
(B) the period for filing a statement of use under section 1051(d) of this title expired, including all approved extensions thereof.
(c) Requirements for the petitionA petition filed under subsection (a), together with any supporting documents, shall—
(1) identify the registration that is the subject of the petition;
(2) identify each good and service recited in the registration for which it is alleged that the mark was not in use in commerce on or in connection with on or before the relevant date;
(3) include a verified statement that sets forth—
(A) the elements of the reasonable investigation the petitioner conducted to determine that the mark was not in use in commerce on or in connection with the goods and services identified in the petition on or before the relevant date; and
(B) any additional facts that support the allegation that the mark was not in use in commerce on or before the relevant date on or in connection with the identified goods and services;
(4) include supporting evidence on which the petitioner relies; and
(5) be accompanied by the fee prescribed by the Director.
(d) Initial determination; institution
(1) Prima facie case determination, institution, and notification
(2) Reasonable investigation guidance
(3) Determination by Director
(e) Reexamination proceduresThe procedures for reexamination shall be the same as the procedures established under section 1062(b) of this title except that the Director shall promulgate regulations establishing and governing a proceeding under this section, which may include regulations that—
(1) set response and extension times particular to this type of proceeding, which, notwithstanding section 1062(b)(3) of this title, need not be extendable to 6 months;
(2) set limits governing the timing and number of petitions filed for a particular registration or by a particular petitioner or real parties in interest; and
(3) define the relation of a reexamination proceeding under this section to other proceedings concerning the mark.
(f) Registrant’s evidence of use
(g) Examiner’s decision; order to cancel
(h) Reexamination by Director
(1) In general
(2) Rule of construction
(i) Time for institution
(j) Limitation on later ex parte reexamination proceedings
(1) No co-pending proceedings
(2) Estoppel
(k) Supplemental register
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 16B, as added Pub. L. 116–260, div. Q, title II, § 225(c), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2205.)
§ 1067. Interference, opposition, and proceedings for concurrent use registration or for cancellation; notice; Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
(a) In every case of interference, opposition to registration, application to register as a lawful concurrent user, or application to cancel the registration of a mark, the Director shall give notice to all parties and shall direct a Trademark Trial and Appeal Board to determine and decide the respective rights of registration.
(b) The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board shall include the Director, Deputy 1
1 So in original. Probably should be preceded by “the”.
Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office 22 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.
the Commissioner for Patents, the Commissioner for Trademarks, and administrative trademark judges who are appointed by the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Director.(c)Authority of the Secretary.—The Secretary of Commerce may, in his or her discretion, deem the appointment of an administrative trademark judge who, before August 12, 2008, held office pursuant to an appointment by the Director to take effect on the date on which the Director initially appointed the administrative trademark judge.
(d)Defense to Challenge of Appointment.—It shall be a defense to a challenge to the appointment of an administrative trademark judge on the basis of the judge’s having been originally appointed by the Director that the administrative trademark judge so appointed was acting as a de facto officer.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 17, 60 Stat. 434; Pub. L. 85–609, § 1(a), Aug. 8, 1958, 72 Stat. 540; Pub. L. 93–596, § 1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949; Pub. L. 96–455, § 1, Oct. 15, 1980, 94 Stat. 2024; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4716], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–580; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title III, § 13203(a)(1), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1902; Pub. L. 110–313, § 1(b), Aug. 12, 2008, 122 Stat. 3014.)
§ 1068. Action of Director in interference, opposition, and proceedings for concurrent use registration or for cancellation
In such proceedings the Director may refuse to register the opposed mark, may cancel the registration, in whole or in part, may modify the application or registration by limiting the goods or services specified therein, may otherwise restrict or rectify with respect to the register the registration of a registered mark, may refuse to register any or all of several interfering marks, or may register the mark or marks for the person or persons entitled thereto, as the rights of the parties under this chapter may be established in the proceedings. The authority of the Director under this section includes the authority to reconsider, and modify or set aside, a decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board: Provided, That in the case of the registration of any mark based on concurrent use, the Director shall determine and fix the conditions and limitations provided for in subsection (d) of section 1052 of this title. However, no final judgment shall be entered in favor of an applicant under section 1051(b) of this title before the mark is registered, if such applicant cannot prevail without establishing constructive use pursuant to section 1057(c) of this title.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 18, 60 Stat. 434; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 118, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3941; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583; Pub. L. 116–260, div. Q, title II, § 228(a)(1), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2209.)
§ 1069. Application of equitable principles in inter partes proceedings
In all inter partes proceedings equitable principles of laches, estoppel, and acquiescence, where applicable may be considered and applied.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 19, 60 Stat. 434; Pub. L. 93–596, § 1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 119, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3941.)
§ 1070. Appeals to Trademark Trial and Appeal Board from decisions of examiners
An appeal may be taken to the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board from any final decision of the examiner in charge of the registration of marks or a final decision by an examiner in an ex parte expungement proceeding or ex parte reexamination proceeding upon the payment of the prescribed fee. The Director may reconsider, and modify or set aside, a decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board under this section.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 20, 60 Stat. 435; Pub. L. 85–609, § 1(b), Aug. 8, 1958, 72 Stat. 540; Pub. L. 116–260, div. Q, title II, §§ 225(d)(1), 228(a)(2), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2207, 2210.)
§ 1071. Appeal to courts
(a) Persons entitled to appeal; United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit; waiver of civil action; election of civil action by adverse party; procedure
(1) An applicant for registration of a mark, party to an interference proceeding, party to an opposition proceeding, party to an application to register as a lawful concurrent user, party to a cancellation proceeding, a registrant who has filed an affidavit as provided in section 1058 of this title or section 1141k of this title, an applicant for renewal, or a registrant subject to an ex parte expungement proceeding or an ex parte reexamination proceeding, who is dissatisfied with the decision of the Director or Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, may appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit thereby waiving his right to proceed under subsection (b) of this section: Provided, That such appeal shall be dismissed if any adverse party to the proceeding, other than the Director, shall, within twenty days after the appellant has filed notice of appeal according to paragraph (2) of this subsection, files notice with the Director that he elects to have all further proceedings conducted as provided in subsection (b) of this section. Thereupon the appellant shall have thirty days thereafter within which to file a civil action under subsection (b) of this section, in default of which the decision appealed from shall govern the further proceedings in the case.
(2) When an appeal is taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, the appellant shall file in the United States Patent and Trademark Office a written notice of appeal directed to the Director, within such time after the date of the decision from which the appeal is taken as the Director prescribes, but in no case less than 60 days after that date.
(3) The Director shall transmit to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit a certified list of the documents comprising the record in the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The court may request that the Director forward the original or certified copies of such documents during pendency of the appeal. In an ex parte case, the Director shall submit to that court a brief explaining the grounds for the decision of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, addressing all the issues involved in the appeal. The court shall, before hearing an appeal, give notice of the time and place of the hearing to the Director and the parties in the appeal.
(4) The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit shall review the decision from which the appeal is taken on the record before the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Upon its determination the court shall issue its mandate and opinion to the Director, which shall be entered of record in the United States Patent and Trademark Office and shall govern the further proceedings in the case. However, no final judgment shall be entered in favor of an applicant under section 1051(b) of this title before the mark is registered, if such applicant cannot prevail without establishing constructive use pursuant to section 1057(c) of this title.
(b) Civil action; persons entitled to; jurisdiction of court; status of Director; procedure
(1) Whenever a person authorized by subsection (a) of this section to appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, except for a registrant subject to an ex parte expungement proceeding or an ex parte reexamination proceeding, is dissatisfied with the decision of the Director or Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, said person may, unless appeal has been taken to said United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, have remedy by a civil action if commenced within such time after such decision, not less than sixty days, as the Director appoints or as provided in subsection (a) of this section. The court may adjudge that an applicant is entitled to a registration upon the application involved, that a registration involved should be canceled, or such other matter as the issues in the proceeding require, as the facts in the case may appear. Such adjudication shall authorize the Director to take any necessary action, upon compliance with the requirements of law. However, no final judgment shall be entered in favor of an applicant under section 1051(b) of this title before the mark is registered, if such applicant cannot prevail without establishing constructive use pursuant to section 1057(c) of this title.
(2) The Director shall not be made a party to an inter partes proceeding under this subsection, but he shall be notified of the filing of the complaint by the clerk of the court in which it is filed and shall have the right to intervene in the action.
(3) In any case where there is no adverse party, a copy of the complaint shall be served on the Director, and, unless the court finds the expenses to be unreasonable, all the expenses of the proceeding shall be paid by the party bringing the case, whether the final decision is in favor of such party or not. In suits brought hereunder, the record in the United States Patent and Trademark Office shall be admitted on motion of any party, upon such terms and conditions as to costs, expenses, and the further cross-examination of the witnesses as the court imposes, without prejudice to the right of any party to take further testimony. The testimony and exhibits of the record in the United States Patent and Trademark Office, when admitted, shall have the same effect as if originally taken and produced in the suit.
(4) Where there is an adverse party, such suit may be instituted against the party in interest as shown by the records of the United States Patent and Trademark Office at the time of the decision complained of, but any party in interest may become a party to the action. If there are adverse parties residing in a plurality of districts not embraced within the same State, or an adverse party residing in a foreign country, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia shall have jurisdiction and may issue summons against the adverse parties directed to the marshal of any district in which any adverse party resides. Summons against adverse parties residing in foreign countries may be served by publication or otherwise as the court directs.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 21, 60 Stat. 435; July 19, 1952, ch. 950, § 2, 66 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 85–609, § 1(c), Aug. 8, 1958, 72 Stat. 540; Pub. L. 87–772, § 12, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 771; Pub. L. 93–596, § 1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949; Pub. L. 93–600, § 2, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1955; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 162(1), Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 49; Pub. L. 98–620, title IV, § 414(b), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3363; Pub. L. 100–667, title I, § 120, Nov. 16, 1988, 102 Stat. 3942; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(9) [title IV, § 4732(b)(1)(B)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–583; Pub. L. 111–146, § 3(c), Mar. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 67; Pub. L. 112–29, § 9(a), Sept. 16, 2011, 125 Stat. 316; Pub. L. 116–260, div. Q, title II, § 225(d)(2), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2207.)
§ 1072. Registration as constructive notice of claim of ownership
Registration of a mark on the principal register provided by this chapter or under the Act of March 3, 1881, or the Act of February 20, 1905, shall be constructive notice of the registrant’s claim of ownership thereof.
(July 5, 1946, ch. 540, title I, § 22, 60 Stat. 435.)