Collapse to view only § 939. Art. 139. Redress of injuries to property
- § 935. Art. 135. Courts of inquiry
- § 936. Art. 136. Authority to administer oaths
- § 937. Art. 137. Articles to be explained
- § 938. Art. 138. Complaints of wrongs
- § 939. Art. 139. Redress of injuries to property
- § 940. Art. 140. Delegation by the President
- § 940a. Art. 140a. Case management; data collection and accessibility
§ 935. Art. 135. Courts of inquiry
(a) Courts of inquiry to investigate any matter may be convened by any person authorized to convene a general court-martial or by any other person designated by the Secretary concerned for that purpose, whether or not the persons involved have requested such an inquiry.
(b) A court of inquiry consists of three or more commissioned officers. For each court of inquiry the convening authority shall also appoint counsel for the court.
(c)
(1) Any person subject to this chapter whose conduct is subject to inquiry shall be designated as a party.
(2) Any person who is (A) subject to this chapter, (B) employed by the Department of Defense, or (C) with respect to the Coast Guard, employed by the department in which the Coast Guard is operating when it is not operating as a service in the Navy, and who has a direct interest in the subject of inquiry has the right to be designated as a party upon request to the court.
(3) Any person designated as a party shall be given due notice and has the right to be present, to be represented by counsel, to cross-examine witnesses, and to introduce evidence.
(d) Members of a court of inquiry may be challenged by a party, but only for cause stated to the court.
(e) The members, counsel, the reporter, and interpreters of courts of inquiry shall take an oath to faithfully perform their duties.
(f) Witnesses may be summoned to appear and testify and be examined before courts of inquiry, as provided for courts-martial.
(g) Courts of inquiry shall make findings of fact but may not express opinions or make recommendations unless required to do so by the convening authority.
(h) Each court of inquiry shall keep a record of its proceedings, which shall be authenticated by the signatures of the president and counsel for the court and forwarded to the convening authority. If the record cannot be authenticated by the president, it shall be signed by a member in lieu of the president. If the record cannot be authenticated by the counsel for the court, it shall be signed by a member in lieu of the counsel.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 76; Pub. L. 114–328, div. E, title LXI, § 5501, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2960.)
§ 936. Art. 136. Authority to administer oaths
(a) The following persons on active duty or performing inactive-duty training may administer oaths for the purposes of military administration, including military justice:
(1) All judge advocates.
(2) All summary courts-martial.
(3) All adjutants, assistant adjutants, acting adjutants, and personnel adjutants.
(4) All commanding officers of the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.
(5) All staff judge advocates and legal officers, and acting or assistant staff judge advocates and legal officers.
(6) All other persons designated by regulations of the armed forces or by statute.
(b) The following persons on active duty or performing inactive-duty training may administer oaths necessary in the performance of their duties:
(1) The president, military judge, trial counsel, and assistant trial counsel for all general and special courts-martial.
(2) The president and the counsel for the court of any court of inquiry.
(3) All officers designated to take a deposition.
(4) All persons detailed to conduct an investigation.
(5) All recruiting officers.
(6) All other persons designated by regulations of the armed forces or by statute.
(c) Each judge and senior judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces shall have the powers relating to oaths, affirmations, and acknowledgments provided to justices and judges of the United States by section 459 of title 28.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 77; Pub. L. 86–589, July 5, 1960, 74 Stat. 329; Pub. L. 90–179, § 1(7), Dec. 8, 1967, 81 Stat. 546; Pub. L. 90–632, § 2(34), Oct. 24, 1968, 82 Stat. 1343; Pub. L. 98–209, § 2(f), Dec. 6, 1983, 97 Stat. 1393; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title VIII, § 804(c), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3907; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title XII, § 1234(a)(1), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2059; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title V, § 551(b), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1566; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title V, § 542, Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 114; Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title V, § 541(a), div. E, title LXI, § 5502, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2124, 2960.)
§ 937. Art. 137. Articles to be explained
(a)Enlisted Members.—
(1) The sections (articles) of this chapter specified in paragraph (3) shall be carefully explained to each enlisted member at the time of (or within fourteen days after)—
(A) the member’s initial entrance on active duty;
(B) the member’s initial entrance into a duty status with a reserve component; or
(C) the member’s initial entrance on active duty or into a space force active status.
(2) Such sections (articles) shall be explained again—
(A) after the member has completed six months of active duty or, in the case of a member of a reserve component, after the member has completed basic or recruit training;
(B) after a member of Space 1
1 So in original. Probably should be preceded by “the”.
Force has completed six months of sustained duty or in the case of a member not on sustained duty, after the member has completed basic or recruit training; and(C) at the time when the member reenlists.
(3) This subsection applies with respect to sections 802, 803, 807–815, 825, 827, 831, 837, 838, 855, 877–934, and 937–939 of this title (articles 2, 3, 7–15, 25, 27, 31, 37, 38, 55, 77–134, and 137–139).
(b)Officers.—
(1) The sections (articles) of this chapter specified in paragraph (2) shall be carefully explained to each officer at the time of (or within six months after)—
(A) the initial entrance of the officer on active duty as an officer; or
(B) the initial commissioning of the officer in a reserve component or the Space Force.
(2) This subsection applies with respect to the sections (articles) specified in subsection (a)(3) and such other sections (articles) as the Secretary concerned may prescribe by regulation.
(c)Training for Certain Officers.—Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary concerned, officers with the authority to convene courts-martial or to impose non-judicial punishment shall receive periodic training regarding the purposes and administration of this chapter. Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense, officers assigned to duty in a joint command or a combatant command, who have such authority, shall receive additional specialized training regarding the purposes and administration of this chapter with respect to joint commands and the combatant commands.
(d)Availability and Maintenance of Text.—The text of this chapter and the text of the regulations prescribed by the President under this chapter shall be—
(1) made available to a member on active duty, to a member of a reserve component, or to a member of the Space Force, upon request by the member, for the member’s personal examination; and
(2) maintained by the Secretary of Defense in electronic formats that are updated periodically and made available on the Internet.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 78; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title VIII, § 804(d), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3907; Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XI, § 1152, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 468; Pub. L. 114–328, div. E, title LXI, § 5503, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2960; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, § 1081(c)(1)(R), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1599; Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XVII, § 1722(f)(3), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 671.)
§ 938. Art. 138. Complaints of wrongs
Any member of the armed forces who believes himself wronged by his commanding officer, and who, upon due application to that commanding officer, is refused redress, may complain to any superior commissioned officer, who shall forward the complaint to the officer exercising general court-martial jurisdiction over the officer against whom it is made. The officer exercising general court-martial jurisdiction shall examine into the complaint and take proper measures for redressing the wrong complained of; and he shall, as soon as possible, send to the Secretary concerned a true statement of that complaint, with the proceedings had thereon.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 78.)
§ 939. Art. 139. Redress of injuries to property
(a) Whenever complaint is made to any commanding officer that willful damage has been done to the property of any person or that his property has been wrongfully taken by members of the armed forces, he may, under such regulations as the Secretary concerned may prescribe, convene a board to investigate the complaint. The board shall consist of from one to three commissioned officers and, for the purpose of that investigation, it has power to summon witnesses and examine them upon oath, to receive depositions or other documentary evidence, and to assess the damages sustained against the responsible parties. The assessment of damages made by the board is subject to the approval of the commanding officer, and in the amount approved by him shall be charged against the pay of the offenders. The order of the commanding officer directing charges herein authorized is conclusive on any disbursing officer for the payment by him to the injured parties of the damages so assessed and approved.
(b) If the offenders cannot be ascertained, but the organization or detachment to which they belong is known, charges totaling the amount of damages assessed and approved may be made in such proportion as may be considered just upon the individual members thereof who are shown to have been present at the scene at the time the damages complained of were inflicted, as determined by the approved findings of the board.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 78.)
§ 940. Art. 140. Delegation by the President
The President may delegate any authority vested in him under this chapter, and provide for the subdelegation of any such authority.
(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 78.)
§ 940a. Art. 140a. Case management; data collection and accessibility
(a)In General.—The Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall prescribe uniform standards and criteria for conduct of each of the following functions at all stages of the military justice system (including with respect to the Coast Guard), including pretrial, trial, post-trial, and appellate processes, using, insofar as practicable, the best practices of Federal and State courts:
(1) Collection and analysis of data concerning substantive offenses and procedural matters in a manner that facilitates case management and decision making within the military justice system, and that enhances the quality of periodic reviews under section 946 of this title (article 146).
(2) Case processing and management.
(3) Timely, efficient, and accurate production and distribution of records of trial within the military justice system.
(4) Facilitation of public access to docket information, filings, and records, taking into consideration restrictions appropriate to judicial proceedings and military records.
(b)Protection of Certain Personally Identifiable Information.—Records of trial, docket information, filings, and other records made publicly accessible in accordance with the uniform standards and criteria for conduct established by the Secretary under subsection (a) shall restrict access to personally identifiable information of minors and victims of crime (including victims of sexual assault and domestic violence), as practicable to the extent such information is restricted in electronic filing systems of Federal and State courts.
(c)Inapplicability to Certain Dockets and Records.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to provide public access to docket information, filings, or records that are classified, subject to a judicial protective order, or ordered sealed.
(d)Preservation of Court-Martial Records Without Regard to Outcome.—The standards and criteria prescribed by the Secretary of Defense under subsection (a) shall provide for the preservation of general and special court-martial records, without regard to the outcome of the proceeding concerned, for not fewer than 15 years.
(Added Pub. L. 114–328, div. E, title LXI, § 5504(a), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2961; amended Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title V, § 534(a), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1361; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title V, § 543, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3613.)