(a) All property and interests in property that are in the United States, that come within the United States, or that are or come within the possession or control of any U.S. person are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in:

(1) E.O. 13582. The Government of Syria and any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State:

(i) To have materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services in support of, the Government of Syria or any other person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this paragraph (a)(1); or

(ii) To be owned or controlled by, or to have acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, the Government of Syria or any other person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this paragraph (a)(1).

(2) E.O. 13338, as amended by E.O. 13460. Any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State:

(i) To be or to have been directing or otherwise significantly contributing to the Government of Syria's provision of safe haven to or other support for any person whose property and interests in property are blocked under United States law for terrorism-related reasons, including, but not limited to, Hamas, Hizballah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command, and any persons designated pursuant to E.O. 13224 of September 23, 2001;

(ii) To be or to have been directing or otherwise significantly contributing to the Government of Syria's military or security presence in Lebanon;

(iii) To be or to have been directing or otherwise significantly contributing to the Government of Syria's pursuit of the development and production of chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons and medium- and long-range surface-to-surface missiles;

(iv) To be or to have been responsible for or otherwise significantly contributing to actions taken or decisions made by the Government of Syria that have the purpose or effect of undermining efforts to stabilize Iraq or of allowing the use of Syrian territory or facilities to undermine efforts to stabilize Iraq; or

(v) To be owned or controlled by, or acting or purporting to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any person whose property or interests in property are blocked pursuant this paragraph (a)(2).

(3) E.O. 13399. Any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State:

(i) To be, or to have been, involved in the planning, sponsoring, organizing, or perpetrating of:

(A) The terrorist act in Beirut, Lebanon, that resulted in the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri and the deaths of 22 others; or

(B) Any other bombing, assassination, or assassination attempt in Lebanon since October 1, 2004, that is related to Hariri's assassination or that implicates the Government of Syria or its officers or agents;

(ii) To have obstructed or otherwise impeded the work of the Commission established pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1595 of April 7, 2005;

(iii) To have materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services in support of, any such terrorist act, bombing, or assassination attempt, or any person designated pursuant to this paragraph (a)(3); or

(iv) To be owned or controlled by, or acting or purporting to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any person designated pursuant to this paragraph (a)(3).

(4) E.O. 13460. Any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to be responsible for, to have engaged in, to have facilitated, or to have secured improper advantage as a result of, public corruption by senior officials within the Government of Syria.

(5) E.O. 13572 Annex. The persons listed in the Annex to E.O. 13572 of April 29, 2011.

(6) E.O. 13572. Any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State:

(i) To be responsible for or complicit in, or responsible for ordering, controlling, or otherwise directing, or to have participated in, the commission of human rights abuses in Syria, including those related to repression;

(ii) To be a senior official of an entity whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to paragraph (a)(5) of this section or this paragraph (a)(6);

(iii) To have materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services in support of, the activities described in paragraph (a)(6)(i) of this section or any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of this section or paragraphs (a)(4) and (5) of this section and this paragraph (a)(6); or

(iv) To be owned or controlled by, or to have acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to paragraphs (a)(4) and (5) of this section and this paragraph (a)(6).

(7) E.O. 13573 Annex. The persons listed in the Annex to E.O. 13573 of May 18, 2011.

(8) E.O. 13573. Any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State:

(i) To be a senior official of the Government of Syria;

(ii) To be an agency or instrumentality of the Government of Syria, or owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the Government of Syria or by an official or officials of the Government of Syria;

(iii) To have materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services in support of, any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to paragraph (a)(7) of this section or this paragraph (a)(8); or

(iv) To be owned or controlled by, or to have acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to paragraph (a)(7) of this section or this paragraph (a)(8).

(9) E.O. 13606 Annex. The persons listed in the Annex to E.O. 13606 of April 22, 2012.

(10) E.O. 13606. Any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with or at the recommendation of the Secretary of State:

(i) To have operated, or to have directed the operation of, information and communications technology that facilitates computer or network disruption, monitoring, or tracking that could assist in or enable serious human rights abuses by or on behalf of the Government of Syria;

(ii) To have sold, leased, or otherwise provided, directly or indirectly, goods, services, or technology to Syria likely to be used to facilitate computer or network disruption, monitoring, or tracking that could assist in or enable serious human rights abuses by or on behalf of the Government of Syria;

(iii) To have materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services in support of, the activities described in paragraph (a)(10)(i) or (ii) of this section, or any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to paragraph (a)(9) of this section or this paragraph (a)(10); or

(iv) To be owned or controlled by, or to have acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to paragraph (a)(9) of this section or this paragraph (a)(10).

(11) Syria Human Rights Accountability Act of 2012. (i) A person that is included by the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Treasury, in the list submitted pursuant to section 702(b) of the Syria Human Rights Accountability Act of 2012 (22 U.S.C. 8791(b)) (SHRAA), because the person is an official of the Government of Syria or a person acting on behalf of the Government of Syria, that is determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with or at the recommendation of the Secretary of State, based on credible evidence, to be responsible for or complicit in, or responsible for ordering, controlling, or otherwise directing, the commission of serious human rights abuses against citizens of Syria or their family members, regardless of whether such abuses occurred in Syria;

(ii) A person that is included by the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Treasury, in the list submitted pursuant to section 703(b) of the SHRAA (22 U.S.C. 8792(b)), because the person is determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with or at the recommendation of the Secretary of State, to have knowingly engaged in one of the following activities on or after August 10, 2012:

(A) The transfer, or the facilitation of the transfer of, goods or technologies described in paragraph (a)(11)(ii)(C) of this section to Syria; or

(B) The provision of services with respect to goods or technologies described in paragraph (a)(11)(ii)(C) of this section after such goods or technologies are transferred to Syria.

(C) Goods or technologies described in paragraphs (a)(11)(ii)(A) and (B) of this section are goods or technologies that the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with or at the recommendation of the Secretary of State, determines are likely to be used by the Government of Syria or any of its agencies or instrumentalities to commit human rights abuses against the people of Syria, including:

(1) Firearms or ammunition (as those terms are defined in 18 U.S.C. 921), rubber bullets, police batons, pepper or chemical sprays, stun grenades, electroshock weapons, tear gas, water cannons, or surveillance technology; or

(2) Sensitive technology, as defined in § 542.320;

(iii) A person that the Secretary of Treasury, in consultation with or at the recommendation of the Secretary of State, determines:

(A) Is a successor entity to a person blocked pursuant to paragraph (a)(11)(ii) of this section;

(B) Owns or controls a person blocked pursuant to paragraph (a)(11)(ii) of this section, if the person that owns or controls such blocked person had actual knowledge, or should have known, that the blocked person engaged in the activity described in paragraph (a)(11)(ii) for which the person was blocked pursuant to paragraph (a)(11)(ii); or

(C) Is owned or controlled by, or under common ownership or control with, a person blocked pursuant to paragraph (a)(11)(ii) of this section, if the person owned or controlled by, or under common ownership or control with (as the case may be), the person blocked pursuant to paragraph (a)(11)(ii) knowingly engaged in the activity described in paragraph (a)(11)(ii) for which the person was blocked pursuant to paragraph (a)(11)(ii); or

(iv) A person that is included by the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, in the list submitted pursuant to section 704(b) of the SHRAA (22 U.S.C. 8793(b)), because the person is determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with or at the recommendation of the Secretary of State, to have engaged in censorship, or activities relating to censorship, in a manner that prohibits, limits, or penalizes the legitimate exercise of freedom of expression by citizens of Syria.

(12) Section 234 of the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (22 U.S.C. 9528). (i) A foreign person determined by the Secretary of the State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, to have, on or after August 2, 2017, knowingly exported, transferred, or otherwise provided to Syria, significant financial, material, or technological support that contributes materially to the ability of the Government of Syria to:

(A) Acquire or develop chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons or related technologies;

(B) Acquire or develop ballistic or cruise missile capabilities;

(C) Acquire or develop destabilizing numbers and types of advanced conventional weapons;

(D) Acquire significant defense articles, defense services, or defense information (as such terms are defined under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.); or

(E) Acquire those items designated as items on the United States Munitions List under section 38(a)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778(a)(1));

(ii) A foreign person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to be a successor entity to a foreign person described in paragraph (a)(12)(i) of this section; or

(iii) A foreign person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to be owned or controlled by, or to have acted for or on behalf of, a foreign person described in paragraph (a)(12)(i) of this section.

(13) Section 7412 of the Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act of 2019. Any foreign person that the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, determines knowingly engages in one of the following activities on or after June 17, 2020:

(i) Knowingly provides significant financial, material, or technological support to, or knowingly engaged in a significant transaction with:

(A) The Government of Syria (including any entity owned or controlled by the Government of Syria) or a senior political figure of the Government of Syria;

(B) A foreign person that is a military contractor, mercenary, or a paramilitary force knowingly operating in a military capacity inside Syria for or on behalf of the Government of Syria, the Government of the Russian Federation, or the Government of Iran; or

(C) A foreign person subject to sanctions pursuant to International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) with respect to Syria or any other provision of law that imposes sanctions with respect to Syria;

(ii) Knowingly sells or provides significant goods, services, technology, information, or other support that significantly facilitates the maintenance or expansion of the Government of Syria's domestic production of natural gas, petroleum, or petroleum products;

(iii) Knowingly sells or provides aircraft or spare aircraft parts that are used for military purposes in Syria for or on behalf of the Government of Syria to any foreign person operating in an area directly or indirectly controlled by the Government of Syria or foreign forces associated with the Government of Syria;

(iv) Knowingly provides significant goods or services associated with the operation of aircraft that are used for military purposes in Syria for or on behalf of the Government of Syria to any foreign person operating in an area described in paragraph (a)(13)(iii) of this section; or

(v) Knowingly, directly or indirectly, provides significant construction or engineering services to the Government of Syria.

(b) The prohibitions in paragraph (a) of this section include prohibitions on the following transactions:

(1) The making of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services by, to, or for the benefit of any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section; and

(2) The receipt of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services from any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section.

(c) Unless authorized by this part or by a specific license expressly referring to this part, any dealing in securities (or evidence thereof) held within the possession or control of a U.S. person and either registered or inscribed in the name of, or known to be held for the benefit of, or issued by, the Government of Syria or any other person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section is prohibited. The prohibition in paragraph (a) includes the transfer (including the transfer on the books of any issuer or agent thereof), disposition, transportation, importation, exportation, or withdrawal of, or the endorsement or guaranty of signatures on, any securities on or after the effective date. The prohibition in paragraph (a) applies irrespective of the fact that at any time (whether prior to, on, or subsequent to the effective date) the registered or inscribed owner of any such securities may have or might appear to have assigned, transferred, or otherwise disposed of the securities.

(d) The prohibitions in paragraph (a) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, rulings, instructions, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this part, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the effective date.

(e) All transactions prohibited pursuant to any Executive order issued after May 1, 2012 pursuant to the national emergency declared in E.O. 13338 of May 11, 2004, are prohibited pursuant to this part.

(a) Any transfer after the effective date that is in violation of any provision of this part or of any regulation, order, directive, ruling, instruction, or license issued pursuant to this part, and that involves any property or interest in property blocked pursuant to § 542.201, is null and void and shall not be the basis for the assertion or recognition of any interest in or right, remedy, power, or privilege with respect to such property or property interest.

(b) No transfer before the effective date shall be the basis for the assertion or recognition of any right, remedy, power, or privilege with respect to, or any interest in, any property or interest in property blocked pursuant to § 542.201, unless the person who holds or maintains such property, prior to that date, had written notice of the transfer or by any written evidence had recognized such transfer.

(c) Unless otherwise provided, a license or other authorization issued by OFAC before, during, or after a transfer shall validate such transfer or make it enforceable to the same extent that it would be valid or enforceable but for the provisions of this part and any regulation, order, directive, ruling, instruction, or license issued pursuant to this part.

(d) Transfers of property that otherwise would be null and void or unenforceable by virtue of the provisions of this section shall not be deemed to be null and void or unenforceable as to any person with whom such property is or was held or maintained (and as to such person only) in cases in which such person is able to establish to the satisfaction of OFAC each of the following:

(1) Such transfer did not represent a willful violation of the provisions of this part by the person with whom such property is or was held or maintained (and as to such person only);

(2) The person with whom such property is or was held or maintained did not have reasonable cause to know or suspect, in view of all the facts and circumstances known or available to such person, that such transfer required a license or authorization issued pursuant to this part and was not so licensed or authorized, or, if a license or authorization did purport to cover the transfer, that such license or authorization had been obtained by misrepresentation of a third party or withholding of material facts or was otherwise fraudulently obtained; and

(3) The person with whom such property is or was held or maintained filed with OFAC a report setting forth in full the circumstances relating to such transfer promptly upon discovery that:

(i) Such transfer was in violation of the provisions of this part or any regulation, ruling, instruction, license, or other directive or authorization issued pursuant to this part;

(ii) Such transfer was not licensed or authorized by OFAC; or

(iii) If a license did purport to cover the transfer, such license had been obtained by misrepresentation of a third party or withholding of material facts or was otherwise fraudulently obtained.

(e) Unless licensed pursuant to this part, any attachment, judgment, decree, lien, execution, garnishment, or other judicial process is null and void with respect to any property and interests in property blocked pursuant to § 542.201.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (e) or (f) of this section, or as otherwise directed by OFAC, any U.S. person holding funds, such as currency, bank deposits, or liquidated financial obligations, subject to § 542.201 shall hold or place such funds in a blocked interest-bearing account located in the United States.

(b)(1) For purposes of this section, the term blocked interest-bearing account means a blocked account:

(i) In a federally-insured U.S. bank, thrift institution, or credit union, provided the funds are earning interest at rates that are commercially reasonable; or

(ii) With a broker or dealer registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), provided the funds are invested in a money market fund or in U.S. Treasury bills.

(2) Funds held or placed in a blocked account pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section may not be invested in instruments the maturity of which exceeds 180 days.

(c) For purposes of this section, a rate is commercially reasonable if it is the rate currently offered to other depositors on deposits or instruments of comparable size and maturity.

(d) For purposes of this section, if interest is credited to a separate blocked account or subaccount, the name of the account party on each account must be the same.

(e) Blocked funds held in instruments the maturity of which exceeds 180 days at the time the funds become subject to § 542.201 may continue to be held until maturity in the original instrument, provided any interest, earnings, or other proceeds derived therefrom are paid into a blocked interest-bearing account in accordance with paragraphs (a) or (f) of this section.

(f) Blocked funds held in accounts or instruments outside the United States at the time the funds become subject to § 542.201 may continue to be held in the same type of accounts or instruments, provided the funds earn interest at rates that are commercially reasonable.

(g) This section does not create an affirmative obligation for the holder of blocked tangible property, such as chattels or real estate, or of other blocked property, such as debt or equity securities, to sell or liquidate such property. However, OFAC may issue licenses permitting or directing such sales or liquidation in appropriate cases.

(h) Funds subject to this section may not be held, invested, or reinvested in a manner that provides immediate financial or economic benefit or access to any person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to § 542.201, nor may their holder cooperate in or facilitate the pledging or other attempted use as collateral of blocked funds or other assets.

(a) Except as otherwise authorized, and notwithstanding the existence of any rights or obligations conferred or imposed by any international agreement or contract entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the effective date, all expenses incident to the maintenance of physical property blocked pursuant to § 542.201 shall be the responsibility of the owners or operators of such property, which expenses shall not be met from blocked funds.

(b) Property blocked pursuant to § 542.201 may, in the discretion of OFAC, be sold or liquidated and the net proceeds placed in a blocked interest-bearing account in the name of the owner of the property.

(a) Any transaction by a U.S. person or within the United States that evades or avoids, has the purpose of evading or avoiding, causes a violation of, or attempts to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this part is prohibited.

(b) Any conspiracy formed to violate any of the prohibitions set forth in this part is prohibited.

Except as otherwise authorized, new investment, as defined in § 542.315, in Syria by a United States person, wherever located, is prohibited.

Except as otherwise authorized, the exportation, reexportation, sale, or supply, directly or indirectly, from the United States, or by a United States person, wherever located, of any services to Syria is prohibited.

Except as otherwise authorized, the importation into the United States of petroleum or petroleum products of Syrian origin is prohibited.

Except as otherwise authorized, any transaction or dealing by a United States person, wherever located, including purchasing, selling, transporting, swapping, brokering, approving, financing, facilitating, or guaranteeing, in or related to petroleum or petroleum products of Syrian origin is prohibited.

Except as otherwise authorized, United States persons, wherever located, are prohibited from approving, financing, facilitating, or guaranteeing a transaction by a foreign person where the transaction by that foreign person would be prohibited by §§ 542.206, 542.207, 542.208, or 542.209 of this part if performed by a United States person or within the United States.

(a) United Nations Participation Act. The exemptions described in this section do not apply to transactions involving property or interests in property of persons whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to the authority of the United Nations Participation Act, as amended (22 U.S.C. 287c(b)) (UNPA).

(b) Personal communications. Except as set forth in paragraph (e) of this section, the prohibitions contained in this part do not apply to any postal, telegraphic, telephonic, or other personal communication that does not involve the transfer of anything of value.

(c) Information or informational materials. (1) Except as set forth in paragraph (e) of this section, the prohibitions contained in this part do not apply to the importation from any country and the exportation to any country of any information or informational materials, as defined in § 542.310, whether commercial or otherwise, regardless of format or medium of transmission.

(2) This section does not exempt from regulation or authorize transactions related to information or informational materials not fully created and in existence at the date of the transactions, or to the substantive or artistic alteration or enhancement of informational materials, or to the provision of marketing and business consulting services. Such prohibited transactions include, but are not limited to, payment of advances for information or informational materials not yet created and completed (with the exception of prepaid subscriptions for widely circulated magazines and other periodical publications); provision of services to market, produce or co-produce, create, or assist in the creation of information or informational materials; and payment of royalties with respect to income received for enhancements or alterations made by U.S. persons to such information or informational materials.

(3) This section does not exempt or authorize transactions incident to the exportation of software subject to the Export Administration Regulations, 15 CFR parts 730 through 774, or to the exportation of goods (including software) or technology for use in the transmission of any data, or to the provision, sale, or leasing of capacity on telecommunications transmission facilities (such as satellite or terrestrial network connectivity) for use in the transmission of any data. The exportation of such items or services and the provision, sale, or leasing of such capacity or facilities to Syria or to the Government of Syria or any other person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to § 542.201 are prohibited.

(d) Travel. Except as set forth in paragraph (e) of this section, the prohibitions contained in this part do not apply to transactions ordinarily incident to travel to or from any country, including importation or exportation of accompanied baggage for personal use, maintenance within any country including payment of living expenses and acquisition of goods or services for personal use, and arrangement or facilitation of such travel including nonscheduled air, sea, or land voyages.

(e) Official business. The prohibitions contained in §§ 542.201(a)(1), (9), and (10), as well as §§ 542.206, 542.207, 542.208, 542.209, 542.210, and 542.212 do not apply to transactions for the conduct of the official business of the United States government by employees, grantees, or contractors thereof.

(f) Inapplicability of exemptions. The exemptions described in this section do not apply to any transactions involving property or interests in property of certain persons whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to E.O. 13399.

(g) Importation of goods. The prohibitions contained in § 542.201 do not apply to the importation of any goods that would otherwise be prohibited solely because of the interest of a person whose property and interests in property are blocked solely pursuant to § 542.201(a)(13). For the purposes of this paragraph (g), the term good(s) means any article, natural or manmade substance, material, supply or manufactured product, including inspection and test equipment, and excluding technical data.

(a) Pursuant to E.O. 13608, the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, may determine that a foreign person:

(1) Has violated, attempted to violate, conspired to violate, or caused a violation of any license, order, regulation, or prohibition contained in, or issued pursuant to:

(i) Any Executive order relating to the national emergency declared in E.O. 13338 of May 11, 2004, as modified in scope in subsequent Executive orders; or

(ii) To the extent such conduct relates to property and interests in property of any person subject to United States sanctions concerning Syria, E.O. 13382 of June 28, 2005, any Executive order subsequent to E.O. 13382 of June 28, 2005, that relates to the national emergency declared in E.O. 12938 of November 14, 1994, or any Executive order relating to the national emergency declared in E.O. 13224 of September 23, 2001;

(2) Has facilitated deceptive transactions for or on behalf of any person subject to United States sanctions concerning Syria; or

(3) Is owned or controlled by, or is acting or purporting to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, any person determined to meet the criteria set forth in this paragraph (a).

(b) Upon determining that a foreign person is subject to paragraph (a) of this section, the Secretary of the Treasury may prohibit all transactions or dealings, whether direct or indirect, involving such person, including any exporting, reexporting, importing, selling, purchasing, transporting, swapping, brokering, approving, financing, facilitating, or guaranteeing, in or related to:

(1) Any goods, services, or technology in or intended for the United States; or

(2) Any goods, services, or technology provided by or to United States persons, wherever located.

(c) The prohibitions in paragraph (b) of this section include prohibitions on the following transactions:

(1) The making of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services by, to, or for the benefit of any person subject to the measures described in paragraph (b) of this section; and

(2) The receipt of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services from any person subject to the measures described in paragraph (b) of this section.

(d) The prohibitions in paragraph (b) of this section apply except to the extent provided by statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or licenses that may be issued pursuant to this part, and notwithstanding any contract entered into or any license or permit granted prior to the date on which the measures described in paragraph (b) are imposed.